598 



STARCHES OF LILIACE^. 



The lamellcB are coarse and fairly distinct. One near the hilum is usually more distinct than the 

 others. They follow the outline of the margin closely, but occasionally show irregularities not 

 associated with the shape of the margin. There are usually 10 to 15 lamella; on the larger grains. 



The grains vary in size from 1 to 67jLt. The connnon size is 36fi. 



Polariscopic Properties. The figure is distinct, but not always clear-cut, and is eccentric. 

 Its lines are often blurred and indistinct, owing to fissures or irregularities in the grains; the lines 

 do not alwa}^3 intersect at the hilum, but are connected at this point by a thin dark line. 



The degree of polarization is fairly high. It varies somewhat in different grains and consider- 

 ably in different aspects of the same grain. It is not so high as in the gi-ains of B. peduncular is. 



With selenite the quadrants are commonly not well defined, and are irregular in shape and 

 unequal in size. The colors are not quite pure. 



Iodine Reactions.- With 0.25 per cent Lugol's solution the grains at first color deeply a blue- 

 violet; somewhat deeper than those of B. peduncularis; with 0.125 per cent solution the grains are 

 colored fairly. After heating until the grains are completely gelatinized, the solution is colored 

 verj' lightlj' and the gelatinized grains very deeply with 

 iodine. After boiling for 2 minutes the solution is colored 

 very much deeper, but the grain-residues much less or not 

 at all. The grain-residues are much swollen and lobu- 

 lated at one end. The capsules are colored a red-violet 

 when an excess of iodine is added, and some of them 

 retain blue-reacting starch in the proximal end. 



Staining Reactions. With gentian violet the grains 

 stain at once, but very lightly. After 30 minutes they 

 are but lightly stained, slightly more than the grains of 

 B. pedimcularis. The individual grains are more evenly 

 stained than those of B. peduncularis. 



With safranin the grains stain at once, but very 

 slightly. After 30 minutes the stain is quite deep and 

 even, much more than of the grains of B. peduncularis. 



Temperature Reaction. The temperature of gelatin- 

 ization is 65 to 66.8 C, mean 65.9. 



Effects of Various Reagents. With chloral hydrate- 

 iodine a few of the smaller grains show some reaction in 

 3 minutes. A few of the larger show some changes, and 



practically all of the smaller, many of the latter being gelatinized in 5 minutes. About one-third 

 of the larger grains are affected in 10 minutes; three-foiu'ths of the total number are affected and 

 most of them gelatinized after 1}/^ hours. There is no further change. The reaction is qualitatively 

 the same as that with the grains of B. pedimcularis. 



Reaction with chromic acid begins in a minute and is over in 10 minutes. It is the same quali- 

 tatively as that of the grains of B. peduncidaris. 



With pyrogallic acid some grains react in 2 minutes. Almost all show signs of reaction and many 

 are almost gelatinized in 5 minutes. The reaction reaches its limit, all being partially gelatinized, 

 within 45 minutes, but none are completely gelatinized. Some show merely a beginning of reaction. 

 There is no further change. The reaction is the same qualitatively as that of the grains of B. pedun- 

 cidaris. 



With ferric chloride some of the smaller grains react in 2 minutes and one-third are affected 

 in 5 minutes. About two-thirds of the total number are completely gelatinized in 25 minutes and 

 all in 13^ hours. The reaction is the same qualitatively as that of the grains of B. peduncularis. 



Reaction with Purdy's solution begins in 2 minutes very slightly. About one-fourth of the total 

 number are affected in an hour, a few of which are almost completely gelatinized. The reaction is 

 qualitatively the same as that of the grains of B. peduncularis. 



STARCH OF BRODI^A CALIFORNICA. (Plate 47, figs. 279 and 280. Chart 178.) 



Histological Characteristics. In form the grains are simple. No compound grains or pressure 

 facets were noted. The grains are isolated with few exceptions. The surface of the grains is on 

 the whole quite regular. Irregularities are usually due to unequal development of various parts 



