50 The Ottawa Naturalist. [June 



imposed upon them and have developed special powers of resist- 

 ance. On account of these special modifications to fit the 

 environment, the plants of the sand dunes are of great interest 

 to the botanist and worthy of much study. The dune plant 

 covering varies^in many respects from point to point. Im- 

 mediately east of Point Edward the dominant trees are white 

 oak, yellow-harked oak {Quercus velutina), and red oak. Balsam 

 poplar is often abundant on the dune nearest the lake, and is a 

 good sand binder. Bur oak usually occupies rich ground, but 

 here^it is frequent on the shoreward dune and acts as a good 

 sand_binder and dune builder. In this situation, however, it is 

 generally small and scraggy, often having its trunk buried several 

 feet in the sand, but usually producing a great abundance of 

 acorns. White pine and sassafras are also frequent. The com- 

 mon smaller trees and shrubs are the choke cherry, witch-hazel, 

 Rhus typhlna, R. canadensis, R. toxicodendron, Amelanchier 

 spicata, black huckleberry, low sweet blueberry, and in spots, 

 Ceanothiis ovatus, bearberry, Ceanothus americanus, Symphori- 

 carpos racemosus pauciflorus, Rosa humilis, sand cherrv, Vitis 

 vulpina, dewberry, and Amelanchier oblongifolia. On the upper 

 beach near many of the summer cottages and along the first dune, 

 Salix purpurea has been planted, thrives and is proving to l)e a 

 strong sand binder. The prevailing herbaceous plants, many of 

 them plentiful in spots, are Sporobolus cryptandrus, Elymus 

 canadensis Agropyron dasystachyum, Bromus kalntli, porcupine 

 grass, Lithospermum guudini, L. angustifolium, Arabis lyrata. 

 Liatris scariosa, L. cylindracea, Viola pubescens, V. fimbriatula, 

 V. pedata lineariloba, Senecio balsantitae. Campanula rot undif alia, 

 Helianthus divaricattts, Linum virginianum, Desmodium rotundi- 

 jolimn, Lespedeza capitata, L. frutcscens, Acerates vir id i flora 

 lanceolata, Polygonum tenue, Draba caroliniana, wild lupine. 

 Aster azureus, Lilium philadel phicum andinum. Asclepias syriaca 

 and .4. tttberosa. Farther to the north-east beyond Kettle Point 

 and toward Port Franks, the change in plant associations is very 

 apparent. The shoreward dunes ai e still active and the fixed 

 ones much larger and higher. Here the Norwa^ pine (red pine), 

 is well established and abundant reaching its southern limit for 

 this locality. The white pine is more common, and near Thed- 

 ford, formerly covered thickly, several large pieces of flat sandy 

 land, as the remaining stumps now prove. Juniperus communis 

 and red cedar become common. Two new oaks appear, Quercus 

 muhlenbergii and Q. prinoides, not noticed elsewhere. Q. coccinea' 

 is occasional. Celtis occidentalis puniila is very common, and 

 Rev. Mr. Currie, of Thedford, reports having seen one or two 

 specimens of the species near there. Salix glaucophylla is abimd- 

 ant on the upper beach and dunes and is a substantial sand binder. 



