246 



BACTERIA IN RELATION TO PLANT DISEASES. 



XXXIII. Action of Heat and Cold on Bacteria. 



('75). EIDAM, EDUARD. Die Einwirkung verschied- 

 ener temperaturen und des Eintrocknens auf 

 die Entvvicklung von Bacterium termo Duj. 

 Cohn's Beitrage z. Biol. d. Pflanzen, Bd. I, 

 Heft 3, pp. 208-224, Breslau, 1875. 



('77). FRISCH, A. Ueber den Einfiuss niederer Tem- 

 peraturen auf die Lebensfahigkeit der Bac- 

 terien. Sitzungsber. der K. Acad. der 

 Wissensch. Wien. Math.-natur.-wissenschaf- 

 ten Classe, Mai, 1877, Bd. LXXV, in Abt., 

 pp. 257-269. 



('77). TYNDALL, JOHN. On heat as a germicide when 

 discontinuously applied. Proc. Roy. Soc., 

 London, vol. xxv, 1877, No. 178, pp. 569-570. 



('79). CHAMEERLAND, CH. Resistance des germes 

 des certains organismes a la temperature -de 

 100 degres ; conditions de leur developpe- 

 ment. C. R. des se. de 1'Acad. des sci., T. 

 LXXXVIII, 1879, pp. 659-661. 



('82). LEBEDEFF, A. Contribution a 1'etude de 1'aotion 

 de la chaleur et de la dessieation sur la 

 virulence des liquides septique et sur les 

 I'organismes inferieurs. Archives de 

 Physiol. normale et Path., Ser. II, T. x, pp. 

 175-204. 1882. 



('84). PICTET, R., ET YUNG, E. De 1'action du froid 

 .sur les microbes. C. R. des se. de 1'Acad. 

 des sci., T. xcvm, 1884, pp. 747-749. 



('87). PRUDDEN. See XLVI. 



('87). ESMARCH,E. Der Henneberg'sche Desinfector. 

 Zeitschr. f. Hyg., Bd. n, 1887, pp. 342-368. 



('88). GLOBIG. Ueber einen Kartoffel-Bacillii^ mit 

 ungewdhnlich iwiderstandsfahigen Sporen. 

 Zeitschr. f. Hyg., Bd. Ill, 1888, pp. 322-332. 



('XX i. GRUBER, MAX. Notiz iiber die Widerstand- 

 fahigkeit der Sporen von Bacillus subtilis 

 gegen Wasserdampf von 100 C. Centralb. 

 f. Bakt., 1888, Bd. in, pp. 576-577. 

 Iti six tubes of hay infusion inoculated with spores of 

 H. suhtiiis, sealed by heating ueck in flame, and then 

 steamed l / 2 hour, there was an abundant growth of the 

 hay bacillus in 36 hours at 37 C. Subsequently 21 sam- 

 ples of spores, dried on silk threads and exposed to 

 streaming steam tor 2% hours, in Thursfield's apparatus, 

 grew readily ; iu 24 hours, at 35- C., there was a must lux- 

 uriant vegetation. 



('88). FISCHER. B. Bakterienwachstum bei o C. 



Centralb. f. Bakt., Bd. iv, 1888, pp. 89-92. 

 ('90). LUSTIG, ALEXANDER. Bin rorher Bacillus im 

 Flusswasser. Centralb. f. Bakt., Bd. vm, 

 1890, pp. 33-40. 



I.ustig isolated a motile bacillus from river water, 

 which grew from room-temperature (probably 15 C } to 

 60' C. 



i ''Ut. FORSTER, J. Ueber die Entwickelung von Bak- 

 terien bei niederen Temperaturen. Centralb. 

 f. Bakt., xn Bd., 1892, pp. 431-436. 

 The kinds of bacteria able to grow at o are not very 

 numerous, but seem to be widely distributed, especially 

 in water and on the surface and iu the intestinal tract of 

 fresh-water fish and salt-water fish. 



Co,0. PICTET, RAOUL. De 1'e.mploi methodique des 

 basses temperatures en biologic. Archiv. d. 

 sci. phys. et nat., 3e Periode, T. xxx, pp. 

 2 93-3i4, Geneve, 1893. 



Experiments with higher animals and plants, infusoria, 

 microbes, diatoms. With these two latter, excessive and 

 prolonged cold gave negative results. They were sub- 

 lected to a temperature of minus 200. 



('93). PHYSALIX. Influence de la chaleur ^ur la prp- 

 priete sporogene du Bacillus anthracis. 

 Abolition persistante de cette fonction par 

 heredite des characteres acquis. Arch, de 

 physiol. nonmale et path., Paris, 1893, T. v, 

 ser. 5, pp. 217-225. 



('94). D'ARSONVAL ET CHARRIN. Influence des agents 

 cosmiques (electricite, pression. lumiere, 

 froid, ozone, etc.) sur 1'evolution de la cell- 

 ule bacterienne. Arch, de physiol. normale 

 et path., 1894, T. VI, series 5, pp. 33S~342- 



('94). WALDO AND WALSH. See XLVIII. 



('94). HAVEMANN. Ueber das Wachsthum von 

 Mikroorganismen bei Eisschranktemperatur. 

 (Liang. Diss.) 8vo., 21 pp., Rostock, 1894. 



Not seen. 



('95). STERNBERG, GEORGE M. What shall be the 

 methods followed in determining the rela- 

 tion of bacteria to temperature? Jour. Am. 

 Public Health Asso. Ann. vol. xx, 1895. 

 pp. 4H-4I4. 



('95). KLEPZOFF, CONST. Zur Frage iiber den Ein- 

 flnss niederer Temperaturen auf die vegeta- 

 tiven Formen des Bacillus anthracis. Cen- 

 tralb. f. Bakt., xvii Bd.. 1895, pp. 289-295. 



Exposure to intense cold (average 24 C.) for 12 days 

 killed the anthrax organism in Hooil and various organs. 

 Exposure for 25 days (at i to 24 ( ' , average 10.40 

 C.) killed agar cultures. The colonies in agar plates be- 

 came less and less numerous as time passed No spores 

 were present. Long exposure reduced the virulence. 



('95). MIOUEL, P., ET LATTRAYE. De la resistance 

 des spores des bacteries aux temperatures 

 humides egales et superieures a 100. Ann. 

 de micr., T. vn, 1895, pp. 110-122, 158-170, 

 and 205-218. 



('99). DANNAPPEL, MAX. In wie weit ist die hohcre 

 Widerstandsfahigkcit der Bakteriensporcn 

 ein allgemeines Charakteristrikiun dersellim 

 gegeniiber den vegetativen Spaltpilzformeu ? 

 8vo., pp. 27, Konigsberg, i. Pr., 1899, von 

 E. Karg u. R. Manncck. 



Some spores are said to show only a slight resistance to 

 steam at 99 C. Of 25 species obtained from soils, decay- 

 ing mixtures, milk, butter, etc., and said to be sporifer- 

 ous, all but three were destroyed l.y exposure t" steam at 

 99 C. for 10 minutes and all but S by exposure for ,s minutes 

 while 4 were kilk-d by exposure for as short a time as 15, 

 seconds, and two others by exposure for i minute. The 

 names of these organisms are not given, so that the ex- 

 periments cannot be duplicated, and in most cases it is 

 not stated that the sporiferous nature of these bacteria 

 was settled definitely by seeing the spores germinate. It 

 is possible, therefore, that some of the extremely sensi- 

 tive forms were not actually spore-bearing, but only gave 

 microscopic appearances, which were interpreted as such. 

 It is possible, also, that the spores were tested before they 

 were fully matured. Only twopf the very-sensitive forms 

 were examined critically, owing, it is said, to lack of 

 time, and of one of these sensitive forms it is said : "A 

 direct observation of the germination was not undertaken 

 because the spore nature of the culture appeared unques- 

 tionable." Even heating for i to 3 minutes at 75 to So C 

 destroyed this organism. Germination of the other was 

 observed. The maximum temperature which could be 

 endured in this case, for i minute, was 75 C. Both were 

 green spores. Both were double stained by Moeller's 

 method. 



('99). RAVENEL, M. P. The resistance of bacteria to 

 cold. New York Medical News, vol. LXLIV, 

 1899. Also a separate, 5 pp. Rev. in Cen- 

 tralb. f. Bakt., xxviii Bd., 1900, p. 751. 



Tests in liquid air : B. diphtherias was alive at end of 30 

 minutes, B. typhi and B . prodigiosus at the end of 60 

 minutes, B. anthracis after 3 hours. 



