ACTION OF 11KAT AND (dl.l); Til KRMOPIIILIC BACTERIA. 



247 



("99). S\ T ill <II:AU>. Tlir Ilirnnal death point 



of tnVrcle bacilli in milk anil some other 

 tlniils. Journal of Experimental Med., vol. 

 iv. (899, i>i> 317-233 Uev in Central!), f. 

 ]'.-ik; . xxviii Bd., njoo, p. 409. 



\\ In ii embedded in the film ou the surface of milk, Dr. 

 Smith hmiul the tubercle organism resisted a tempera- 

 ture ol 6o u C. for an hour. 



('99). KASAX>KY, M. \Y Die Einwirknng der Win- 

 terkalte atif die Pest- mid Dip'htheriebacillen. 

 t'i-iitralli. f. P.akt.. xxv Bd., 1899, pp. 122-124. 



Thtse organisms withstood exposure for 6 months to 

 severe temperatures. They \vrie fro/.en all of the time 

 for the first five months. From December 4 to 28, aud 

 again from February 13 to Marcu 9. the maximum tem- 

 perature was 10 to 23 4" C , and the minimum was 

 - 14 to- 33.8 C. 



('99) l.i \ IN. See xi.ii. 



('99). MIKOXESCO, THEODOR G. Ueber eine besondere 

 Art der Beeinflussiing von Mikroorganis- 

 men dtirch die Temperatttr. Hygien. Rund- 

 schau, Jahrg. ix, 1859, pp. 961-964. Rev. in 

 Centralb. f. Baku xxvn Bd., 1900, p. 86. 



(~oo). MEYKR, J. Ueber Einwirkung flussiger Luft 

 auf Babterien. Centralb. f. Bakt., xxvm 

 Bd., 1900, pp. 594-595- 



Anthrax spores and Staphylococcus pyog. aureus were 

 tested. The exposure to the liquid air varied from 5 

 seconds to 15 minutes. Neither organism was killed. 

 The temperature of licjuid air is - 190 to 220 C .accord- 

 ing to Spiess, and 182 to 192 C. according to Mac- 

 fadyen 



I'oo). SEDGWICK, \V. T., AND WINSLOW, C. E. A. 

 Experimental and statistical studies on the 

 influence of cold upon the bacillus of typhoid 

 fever, and its distribution. Jour. Bost. Soc. 

 Med. Sci., vol. iv, Xo. /, 1900, pp. 181-182. 

 See also Centralb. f. Bakt., xxvn Bd., 1900, 

 p. 6X4. 



30 to 60 per cent of the bacilli were destroyed in water 

 during the first hour of freezing. After exposure for two 

 weeks 99 per cent were destroyed. " The last two or three 

 germs per thousand appear to be very resistant, some 

 remaining a ter twelve weeks of freezing. The four races 

 used showed constant individual differences in their sus- 

 ceptibility to cold. Alternate Ireezinga-d thawing was 

 tested and found only slightly more destructive than con- 

 tinuous freezing." As several races of typhoid organism 

 were tested, we may infer tliat ice is not very likely to 

 communicate typhoid fever. 



('oo). PARK. \\M. 1 IAI.I.HCK. A few experiments 

 upon the effects of low temperature and 

 freezing on typhoid bacilli. Jour. Bost. Soc. 

 Med. Sci., vol. iv, Xo. 8, 1900, pp. 213-216. 



Cultures were used from twenty different cases of 

 typhoid fever. They behaved when frozen much ns Sedg- 

 wick and Winslow's. Ou the average, at the end of 

 twelve weeks' freezing only 0.05 of one per cent remained 

 alive, i e., 1,250 per cubic centimeter as against 2,560,410 

 per cubic centimeter at the beginning. 



"At twelve weeks ihe bacilli in the ice from nine 

 sources are all dead. Two more show no growth in i cc. 

 The others contain from So to n,coo in each cc. of ice. 

 Only one, however, contains over 1,000 i, culture 9) 

 When typhoid bacilli are in feces, freezing does not 

 exert so much of an effect Thin typhoid and colon 

 bacilli, originally 37,000 to a loopful of feces, wi re still 

 12,000 at the end of five weeks' exposure to a temperature 

 ranging daily between zero and 28' F , and typhoid 

 bacilli as well as colon were still abundant in the fecep at 

 nine weeks It is a difficult matter to say for just how 

 loug a period ice made from infected water remains dan- 

 geruus. The bacilli, even when few in number, are often 

 vigorous aud fully virulent, aud, so far as I am ;i\\ .ire, u t 

 are ignorant as to the number of bacilli required to start 

 infection in man. The longer the infected ice remains 

 frozen the less the number of pathogenic bacteria which 

 remain alive in it." 



('or). PARK, W. H. Duration of life of typhoid 

 bacilli, derived from I \venty different 

 sources, in ice. Abstract of paper read at 

 2d meeting Soc. Am. Bacteriologists, Dec., 



1900, Centralb. f. I'.akt , i Ah:., Bd. xxix, 



1901, pp. 444-445. 



This describes the completion of an experimentalready 

 reported upon in part (see above). At the end of the 

 twenty-second week of exposure the bacilli were dead in 

 all the cultures of each one of the twenty races tested by 

 freezing. 



( '01 ) . D'ARSONVAL. La pression osmotique et son 

 role de defense contre le froid dans la 

 cellule vivanite. C. R. des se. de 1'Acad. des 

 =ci., Paris, 1901, T. cxxxm, pp. 84-86. 

 The fluid in the bacteria is probably not solidified, if 

 the cell is not ruptured, owing to the enormous osmotic 

 pressure in those small organisms. By lowering the os- 

 motic tension the author thinks that any cell may be 

 killed by cold. 



('02). ScHMiDT-XnasEN, SIGVAL. Ueber einige psy- 

 ch rophile Mikroorganismen und ihr Vor- 

 kommen. Centralb. Bakt., Abt. 2, Bd. ix, 



1902, pp. 145-147. 



('O2). MACFADYENj Al.I.EX, AND ROWLAND, Svi'NKV. 



On -the suspension of life at low tempera- 

 tures. Abstract of paper read before Sec- 

 tion K of the British Association, Belfast, 

 1902. Annals of Botany, vol. xvi, 1902, pp. 

 589-590. 



Various bacterial organisms were exposed from 20 hours 

 to 7 days at 190 C. " These exposures did not produce 

 any appreciable impairment in the vitality of the organ- 

 isms, etc." Also 10 hours at 252 C. the temperature of 

 liquid hydrogen had no appreciable effect on the vitality 

 of the micro-organisms tested. Bacillus typhosus, B.coli- 

 communis, Staphylococcus pyogeues aureus and a Sach- 

 aromyceie grew after exposure to liquid air for six 

 mouths. " In no instance could any impairment of the 

 vitality of the organisms be detected." 



The objection to these statements is that quantitative 

 determiuatious appear ii"t to have been made, at least 

 there is no mention ot any. The writer of this review 

 obiaiued a decided diminution of the number of viable 

 bacteria in several species by exposure to liquid air for 20 

 hours. 



{'02). MACFADYEN, ALLEN. On the influence of tin- 

 prolonged action of the temperature of 

 liquid air on micro-organisms, and on the 

 rfiVct of mechanical tritnration at the tem- 

 perature "f liquid air on photogenic bacteria. 

 I, Minloti. Proc. R. Soc., vol. LXXI. No. 4'^. 

 Oct.. 1902, pp. 76-77. 



" The above experiments show that a prolonged expo- 

 sure of six months to a temperature of about 190 C. IKIS 

 no appreciable effect on the vitality of micro-organisms 



The organisms tested were B. 'tyf-homs, It.^coli cmn- 

 inu'iis. tjtaphyfococcus pyntienat aiff j, and a yeast. 

 The triturated bacteria kt their luminosity. 



('05) SMITH \\n SWINGLE. See p. 83. 



XXXIV. Thermophilic Bacteria. 



(>p) \II.MU. P. Title?* Bull. (lr la statistiquc 



munuipalr <lc Paris, Decnnbrc, 1879. 

 Not -< n 



He discovered in the water of the Seine an immobile, 

 rod-shaped Schizomycete capableof living and develop- 

 ing at the terapeniture of 70 C. 



t'Ni ). VAX TiECHEM. PH. Stir des bacteriacecs 

 vivant a la temperature de 74 C. Bull, Sor. 

 hot. de France, T. 28, 1881, pp. 35 -.V 

 This author cultivated several species of thermophilic 

 bacteria at 70 C., and some at higher temperatmrs 



Mi'ji'EL. Thermobacteria. Annuaire de 1'Ob- 

 >crvatoire de Montsouris, pour 1881, p \< > \ 



