8 HEREDITY OF SKIN COLOR IN NEGRO-WHITE CROSSES. 



that such individuals have not yet gained their full pigmentation ; that 

 in them melanic pigmentation is in an embryonic condition. 



E. RESULTS. 

 I. The Skin Color of Caucasians in Bermuda and Jamaica. 



(A) Bermuda. 



Case i (i: 463; V, 7 *). A woman whose father was English and mother 

 Portuguese, both from Antigua. Her hair is straight and black, com- 

 plexion olive. Skin color N 8, R 31, Y 22, W 39. 



Case 2 (1:470; II, 2). A woman of 45 years, born in London, blue eyes, 

 straight yellow hair. Skin color N 5, R34, Y 15, W46. 



Case 3 (1 : 492; II, 2). A woman with hazel (i.e., blue plus a little brown) 

 iris, straight, medium brown hair. Skin color N 7, R 30, Y 15, W 48. 



Case 4 (1:554; III, 5). An Englishman with clear blue eyes, straight medium 

 brown hair and sandy mustache. Skin color N 5, R 29, Y27, W39. 



(B) Jamaica. 



Case 1 (1 : 685 ; II, 6). Son of an Irishman and a very fair woman, probably 

 no negro blood; a native Jamaican. Light brown eyes, red hair. Skin 

 color No, R32, Y 20, W 48. This happens to be an exceptionally 

 light person, entirely without melanic pigmentation. 



Note. The writer's wrist, somewhat tanned during the summer, 

 isN8, R50, Yq, W33. 



Thus the untanned skin-color formula of the Caucasian contains 

 from o per cent to 7 per cent black, and probably, in brunets, as much 

 as 10 per cent black. 



II. Quantitative Determination of the Skin Color of Pure-bred 



Negroes. 



In our study of the normal color of the "pure-bred" negro we 

 first run upon the complication that the native Africans, even of the 

 Slave Coast, differ much in skin color. Thus the Fellatahs of the 

 Soudan vary from a light brown to a dark brown, approximating the 

 color of the negro. The Krumen of the Liberia coast vary from black 

 to yellow. The Mandingos of French Guinea and the Jolofs of Senegal 

 are dark brown. The Yorubas of southern Nigeria are also dark brown, 

 but not so deeply pigmented as the Mandingos (Dowd, 1907, pp. 79- 

 83). This variation in skin color of races, all of which are represented 

 in the area where our studies were made, complicates our problem, 

 or would seem to do so were it not true that we can rely upon hybridiza- 

 tion to point the way out of any such complexity. There can be no 

 doubt that the variation of skin color in a single tribe of Africans 

 proves the existence in it of various heterozygous or mixed types, 

 resulting from hybridization. We can not know the skin color of the 

 negro ancestors of any of our families precisely, and it is not very im- 

 portant that we should. 



* This number refers to the sheet and individual of the original record as preserved 

 in the Eugenics Record Office. 



