124 ANNUAL HECORD OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY. 



originally published by him. Proc. Nat. Acad, of JScL, New 

 York Daily Tribune, April 25, 1874. 



MOVEMENTS OF HAIL-STORMS IN EUROPE. 



An investigation of the occurrence of hail-storms is con- 

 tained in Karsten's monograph on the climate of Schleswig- 

 Holstein. In this investigation he has made use of the data 

 collected by the Hail Insurance Company of Kiel, and has 

 been able to present a reliable hail-chart for this region. It 

 appears from this chart that the hail-storms move from the 

 Elbe northeastward to the Baltic ; and in Holstein they pre- 

 serve the same direction, but without passing beyond the 

 Eider. This average direction of hail-storms in Schleswig- 

 Holstein agrees very nearly with that deduced by Le Verrier 

 for the territory of France. Vierteljahres -Jlevue, II., i., 137. 



SERIES OF EXPERIMENTAL THERMOMETERS. 



Mr. G. J. Symons exhibited to the British Association a 

 series of fourteen carefully constructed thermometers, differ- 

 ing either in the size or shape of the bulbs or in the material 

 with which they were filled, some being mercurial and others 

 containing alcohol. As the result of experiments made with 

 them, it is ascertained that very large mercurial bulbs are 

 but little better than those of the same size filled with alco- 

 hol, but that with small bulbs the mercury is much more 

 sensitive. 5 A, October, 1874, 444. 



THE INCLINATION OF THE WIND TO THE EARTH'S SURFACE. 



Montigny, by means of observations made on the tower at 

 Antwerp, has shown that every wind must have a definite 

 inclination to the level surface of the sea. The influence of 

 the winds upon the surface of the water in oceans and lakes 

 would be an impossibility if the wind moved in a direction 

 parallel to that surface. The cause of this inclination of the 

 wind is easy to be found, and lies in the resistance or fric- 

 tion which the lowest layers of air experience in moving 

 over the uneven surface of the earth. Montigny develops 

 this relation in some detail, and calls the attention of meteor- 

 ologists to the fact that this matter must be attended to by 

 them in their observations of the wind. He suggests three 

 different ways of indicating and measuring the inclination of 

 the wind. 19 (7,1874, 195. 



