f. Geography. 265 



as the means by which they obtain subsistence, either fish- 

 ing or hunting ; or perhaps some term of derision, if the 

 tribes are enemies, is seized upon as a name. All of the 

 tribes speaking the Ute language call the Indians of the 

 plains, indiscriminately, Sa-in-ti-kai, or "Dog-eaters." A group 

 of tribes in Central Nevada formerly used stone knives made 

 out of white quartz, and were called To-Sa Wates, or "White 

 Knives," by the surrounding tribes. The Navajos are called 

 the Pah-ga-wates, or "Reed Knives," and every tribe or group 

 of tribes may be known by several different names given to 

 them by different peoples. A few of these later names have 

 been learned by the white men, and corrupted and extended 

 far beyond the original signification, and have become the 

 names by which the various Indian tribes are now known 

 to civilized men the Indians themselves recognizing these 

 later names, though each tribe clings to its primitive cogno- 

 men. This is but a brief outline of this system of naming 

 tribes and confederacies ; there are many other interesting- 

 facts concerning it. 



The ancient inhabitants of the valley of the Colorado, 

 whose remains have been studied for several years by Pro- 

 fessor Powell, have also claimed his attention this year. 

 Many other ruins have been discovered, some of their an- 

 cient picture-writings collected, and many of their stone im- 

 plements found. The Professor is now prepared to indicate 

 on his map the position of many scores of these ancient towns 

 or hamlets now found in ruins on the eastern side of the 

 Colorado, in the valleys of the Yampa, White, Grand, San 

 Juan, and Little Colorado ; and on the western side of the 

 Colorado, in the valleys of the Uintah, Peace, San Rafael, 

 Dirty Devil, Escalante, Paria, and Kanab Rivers. Mr. Hil- 

 lers, the photographer of the expedition, lias made a fine se- 

 ries of negatives, one suite of landscapes along the Green, an- 

 other of the Uintah Indians. 



THE ARCTIC LAND AND POLAR SEA. 



An exhaustive investigation to determine the continental 

 or oceanic character of the arctic polar regions has been 

 based by Dr. J. Chavanne mainly upon the results of me- 

 teorolooical observations in those regions, in connection with 

 other facts ascertained through the series of North Polar ex- 



M 



