G. NATURAL HISTORY AND ZOOLOGY. 297 



was that of a reindeer browsing, remarkable for precision of 

 drawing and delicacy of execution. According to M. Ber- 

 trand, these remains must be over 4000 years old; and he 

 suggests that the contribution of the troglodyte populations 

 of Gaul to European civilization may have been the arts of 

 design. 13 A, March 21, 1874, 320. 



MAMMOTH CAVE IN POLAND. 



A bone cavern has lately been discovered in Poland, near 

 Wieruskow, and named the Mammoth Cave, in allusion to 

 the number of bones of the European mammoth which it has 

 yielded. It has also furnished a large number of stone im- 

 plements, the materials for their construction having been ob- 

 tained from siliceous nodules in the neighboring oolitic rocks. 

 15 A, May 9, 1874, 633. 



KJOEKKENMODDING IN NORWAY. 



Zeigler has lately discovered near Drontheim, in Norway, 

 what is said to be the first illustration of the kjoekkenmod- 

 ding (or shell heaps) yet found in that country; this consist- 

 ing of a laro-e mass of broken animal bones and shells mixed 

 with a little earth. In the centre of this was a dark layer, 

 indicating traces of fire, in the form of bits of charcoal, etc. 

 30 C, January, 1874, 5. 



PREPARED HEADS OF MACAS INDIANS. 



Among the choicest and rarest objects of archaeological 

 museums may be mentioned certain heads prepared by the 

 Macas Indians of Ecuador, residing upon the Upper Amazon, 

 and which are remarkable for their diminutive size in this 

 respect not exceeding that of a small monkey. Numerous 

 hypotheses have been presented in regard to the manufacture 

 of these objects; but, according to a recent communication 

 from Sir John Lubbock, instead of being the heads of enemies, 

 they are actually the mementos of departed friends. They 

 are severed from the body, and then prepared by boiling with 

 an infusion of herbs, until the bones and other internal parts 

 can be removed through the hole of the neck. Heated stones 

 are then introduced into the cavity, and the skin of the head 

 dried up, and at the same time greatly contracted. A string 

 is then run through the head for convenience of suspension 



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