CONTENTS. 



Page 



Introduction 5 



The cave as a unit of environment 8 



Location 8 



General description 8 



Moisture 11 



Light 12 



Temperature 12 



Air-currents 15 



Origin of food 15 



Optimum conditions for cave life.... 16 

 Fauna: 

 Mammalia 



Vespertilionidae 17 



Muridae 19 



Procyonidae 20 



Sciuridae 21 



Amphibia 



Plethedontidfe 22 



Ranidae 22 



Pisces 



Amblyopsidae 23 



Insecta 



Hymenoptera 25 



Pemphredonidae 25 



Alysidaa 25 



Coleoptera 26 



Carabidae 26 



Silphidae 29 



Staphylinidae 29 



Tenebrionidae 33 



Aphaniptera 33 



Diptera 34 



Tipulidag 34 



Psychodidaa 34 



Chironomidae 35 



Culicidae 35 



Mycetophilidse 36 



CecidomyidsB 39 



Dolichopodidae 39 



Phoridse 39 



Muscidae 40 



Anthomyidae 41 



Helomy zidae 41 



Borboridse 45 



Lepidoptera 47 



Noctuidae .. ..... 47 



Page 



Fauna Continued. 

 Insecta Continued. 



Orthoptera 51 



Locustidae 51 



Aptera 53 



Lepismidas 53 



Entomobryidae 54 



Myriapoda 



Chilognatha 56 



Blan julidae 56 



Chordeumidae 56 



Polydesmidae 57 



Chilopoda 58 



Scolopendridae 58 



Geophilidae 58 



Arachnida 



Araneida 59 



Dictynidse 59 



Agalenidae 59 



Theridiidaa 60 



Epeiridae 66 



Tetragnathidae 67 



Lycosidae 67 



Acarina 



Eupodidae 68 



Tyroglyphidae 68 



Gamasidae 69 



Crustacea : 

 Podopthalmata 



Astacidae 69 



Isopoda 76 



Asellidas 76 



Oniscidae 77 



Amphipoda 78 



Gammaridae 78 



Copepoda 81 



Cyclopidas 81 



Annellida 81 



Mfcllusca 81 



Platyhelminthes 



Turbellaria 82 



List of species 82 



General considerations 89 



Origin of cave life 95 



Summary 106 



Bibliography 109 



