180 ANNUAL KECORD OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTEY. 



ANTIQUITY OF MAN. 



Professor Duncan, in addressing the British Association 

 upon the principal geological changes which have occurred 

 in Europe since the appearance of man, premised that no 

 trace of man has been found associated with any deposits 

 formed during the glacial period in Northern Europe. The 

 earliest remains of man and his works, and of the beasts as- 

 sociated with him and hunted by him, rCst upon these depos- 

 its resulting from glacial causes, and are, therefore, later in 

 time. A second period, however, of mountain glacialization 

 took place, when the glaciers of the Alps and Pyrenees espe- 

 cially extended far into the districts below them. This was 

 subsequent to the existence of man, since the mud and gravel 

 produced by the grinding down of the mountain sides during 

 this period, and its stratification over the plains, are found to 

 cover the remains of man and his works, and, therefore, to be 

 of a later epoch. 



This second glacialization, and the arrangement of the 

 wash, are suggested as forming a line of separation between 

 the palaeolithic period, when man used rude stone weapons, 

 and the neolithic period, when smooth and polished instru- 

 ments were manufactured, and, in a general sense, marking 

 the time when the great mammalia disappeared from the 

 northern and western parts of Europe. 



Among the principal geological changes which occurred 

 after the appearance of man in Europe, our author enumer- 

 ates the subsidence of an area of land which connected Sicily 

 with Crete and Northern Africa north of the Sahara; the 

 formation of the Straits of Gibraltar ; the excavation of the 

 valleys of Northern and Eastern France; the separation of 

 the coasts of France and England, in the region about Dover 

 and Calais, and that of the Isle of Wight from the main land; 

 the formation of a great part of the Bristol Channel ; a con- 

 siderable upheaval of the Scandinavian peninsula and Den- 

 mark ; the uprise of the Desert of Sahara, in Africa, after the 

 second extension of the Alpine glaciers. 10 A, SejiL, 440. 



MAN IN THE TERTIARY PERIOD. 



In a work on the geology of France, published in 18G8, the 

 author, M. Raulin, took strong ground against the authentic- 



