62 



The Canadian Field-Naturalist 



[Vol. XXXill 



tiage were in intent the same word, and probably 

 derived from Tiochuhogu. 



The word Tiochtiage may have been to some 

 extent local in its use, but it was evidently current 

 with the Eastern Iroquois amongst whom Zeisberger 

 labored, and they it was who occupied Hochelaga 

 if any of the Iroquois did. 



If we accept the foregoing as evidence that the 

 people of Hochelaga were Iroquois, we can readily 

 understand how Cartier obtained the name Can- 

 ada there it being an Iroquois word meaning "a 

 settlement or village" and so gave an Iroquois 

 name to a country almost all of whose natives were 

 Algonquin. 



Furthermore, this does away with the assumption 

 that the Iroquois were at any time to any extent 

 settled along the lower St. Lawrence river or the 

 Gulf, a state of affairs that is highly improbable 

 owing to the lack of their place names in that 

 region. 



Champlain evidently took the name Canada from 

 the tradition and history of Cartier's voyage, for 

 on his map dated 1613, while he names the coun- 

 try as a whole "New France," he marks its most 

 easterly section "Canadas," and in his journal he 

 names the inhabitants of that section the Canadian 

 Indians, although they, being probably Abenakis 

 and so of Algonquin stock, would not know what 

 the name meant. Armon Burwash. 



An Ontario Bird Sanctuary. It is regret- 

 table that the penetration of our wild lands by the 

 settler and their development for agricultural pur- 

 poses should involve the destruction of the haunts 

 and breeding places of the creatures that contri- 

 bute most to the beauty and charm of the 

 countryside, and are the most assiduous protectors 

 of the crops which are the primary cause of their 

 disturbance. And yet it is one of the facts which 

 bird lovers have to face. What can we do to 

 counteract this unavoidable result of the extension 

 of our country's most important industry? How 

 can we help to check this retreat; how can we 

 help to retain in our settled lands some of those 

 sights that greet us under conditions so feelingly 

 described by Duncan Campbell Scott: 



"When you steal upon a land that man has not 

 sullied by his intrusion. 

 When the aboriginal shy dwellers in the broad 



solitudes 

 Are asleep in their innumerable dens and night 



haunts 

 Amid the dry ferns, with tender nests 

 Pressed into shape by the breasts of the mother 

 birds?" 

 An answer to these questions is given by Miss 

 Edith L. Marsh in a welcome little book, "Birds 

 of Peasemarsh."* 



*Birds^of Peasemarsh. By E. L. Marsh. Musson 

 Book Co., Toronto. 



Of the several means by which we may check 

 the disappearance of so many of our native birds 

 m settled districts the creation of bird sanctuaries 

 constitutes one of the most effectual. Such sanc- 

 tuaries have been established by governments and 

 organizations, but in Canada the maintenance of 

 private bird sanctuaries has not as yet made very 

 great progress. For this reason Miss Marsh's de- 

 scription of her work and the many species of 

 birds that are taking advantage of her efforts on 

 their behalf forms a most valuable contribution to 

 our Canadian literature for the promotion of wild 

 life conservation. 



It is written in a most readable and popular style 

 and the educational value of the book makes it 

 especially welcome. It should be in the hands of 

 all who wish to keep the birds around them, and 

 who does not? 



Where the Indian river Hows into the Georgian 

 Bay beneath the beautiful Blue Mountain there is 

 a tract of land which from the earliest days has 

 been a favorite haunt of many species of land and 

 water birds. Fortunately, it is in the hands of 

 those who are striving to retain as many as pos- 

 sible of the former feathered creatures of its up- 

 land, woods and marsh. 



In order to secure as much protection as pos- 

 sible under the provincial laws the Ontario Govern- 

 ment has been prevailed upon to create Peasemarsh 

 Farm a bird sanctuary under the Ontario Game 

 Act. In Ontario, therefore, we have two such 

 private sanctuaries: the Miner sanctuary in Essex 

 county and the Peasemarsh sanctuary in Grey 

 county. 



But the mere creation by law of a sanctuary 

 does not ensure the attainment of its objects. The 

 protection of birds involves not only the provision 

 of natural and artificial haunts, feeding and nesting 

 places, but also the suppression of predatory 

 enemies, whether they be the possessor of a .22 

 rifle or the four-footed or winged enemy. These 

 needs and the methods of meeting them are de- 

 scribed. 



We hope that Miss Marsh's book will be widely 

 read and her example followed not only in Ontario 

 but in all other provinces. Nothing would con- 

 tribute more to the conservation of our native bird 

 life than the establishment of similar sanctuaries 

 throughout Canada. The Dominion and Pro- 

 vincial Governments are making excellent progress 

 in the establishment of wild life reserves, but in- 

 calculable good would result from the creation by 

 private individuals of sanctuaries similar to Pease- 

 marsh. Bird lovers owe much to Miss Marsh for 

 her praiseworthy effort, which has our best wishes 

 for success. 



C. Gordon Hewitt. 



