Energy. 485 



sisted of the records of body movements, the results obtained from a long series 

 of unpublished experiments with different subjects to ascertain the energy 

 required for certain definite motions, and an experiment made to find the 

 energy required to rise from the chair, go to the food aperture, open it, close it, 

 return and sit. Other motions than those which would naturally accompany 

 the act of going to the food aperture were made by the different subjects in 

 the fasting experiments and indeed in considerable number. 



For the purpose of these estimates, one of the simplest motions, i. e., the 

 act of rising from the chair in which the subject sits, is taken as a unit of 

 movement, and all other movements are expressed in terms of this unit. The 

 actual amount of energy required to go to the food aperture and return has 

 been found from a series of special experiments to be one calorie. In another 

 series, the energy required to undress, be weighed in a hanging chair, dress, 

 and be seated was actually measured. This was found to average 20 calories. 

 The operation at the food aperture was estimated to be 4 times as great as 

 that of rising from the chair. Hence the unit of movement was taken as 

 one-fourth of a calorie. With this as a basis, values were estimated for all the 

 individual movements recorded in the unpublished experiments, the sum of 

 which equaled 20 calories or 80 units. For example, the act of hanging the 

 chair for weighing was estimated to be 5^ units; weighing, 3 units; hanging 

 curtain and taking it down, 2 units; undressing, 16 units; dressing, 25 

 units. It is to be noted that a greater total is given for the movements in 

 dressing than in undressing, and estimates were likewise made for different 

 acts in the process of the two operations. 



Other movements occurring during the experiments are estimated according 

 to their character, such as for example, to rise, weigh, and dress in the morning. 

 To rise from the bed is reckoned as 3 units; hang chair, 5^ units; weigh, 3 

 units ; remove and reinsert the rubber stopper through which the weighing rod 

 passes to the top of the calorimeter, 1 unit ; weigh clothing, 6 units ; weigh the 

 heat absorbers, 15 units; unhang chair, 5-| units; arrange and fold bed, 5 units; 

 raise table, 3 units; dress (underclothing being already on), 15 units; sit 

 down, 1 unit; total, 63 units. 



Similarly, to prepare for bed at night, defecate, take the dynamometer test, 

 and numerous other movements are each accorded their different estimated 

 value in terms of these units. 



In addition to the activity estimated for the first day of experiment No. 71, 

 account should be taken of the bicycle ride during the second (9 to 11 a. m.) 

 period of the day. Previous calibration has shown that each revolution of the 

 wheel of the bicycle ergometer results in the transformation of 0.0233 calorie 

 of heat, and as the wheel made 643 revolutions during the ride, the energy 

 given off equals 643 X 0.0233. The result of this calculation X 5, since the 

 efficiency of the body as a machine is about 20 per cent, = 74.91 calories, the 

 total result for the ride. 



