360 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA 



served specimens and, as already stated, they are not absolutely reliable. In 

 cases of doubt the male genitalia or the larvae must be resorted to. The first 

 abdominal segment may be dorsally either pale-scaled or dark-scaled, or with 

 a mixture of both. The differences in wing venation indicated by Theobald we 

 consider unreliable and misleading as we have been unable to discover any 

 tangible difference between the two species in this respect. The varietal forms 

 or subspecies formulated by Theobald also seem to us ill founded. The names 

 Culex quasipipiens, C. foucliowensis, C. osakaensis, C. christophersii and C. 

 goughii, all by Theobald, are placed in the synonymy on the authority of Mr. 

 F. W. Edwards, who has examined the types in the British Museum (Bull, Ent. 

 Ees., iv, 55, 1913). He suggests that Culex reesii Theobald (Mon. Culic, ii, 

 145, 1901) and C. sericeus Theobald (Mon. Culic, ii, 147, 1901), of which he 

 has not seen the types, are also referaljlc here. 



The present wide distribution of Culex quinquefasciatus is undoubtedly due 

 to the agency of commerce. The species must have been confined originally to 

 either the eastern or the western hemisphere and its introduction into the other 

 half of the globe must have occurred within historic times. Formerly the ar- 

 rangements on vessels offered abundant opportunities for the breeding of mos- 

 quitoes. We even have records of the introduction of mosquitoes, probably this 

 species, into some of the Pacific islands which had, until then, been free from 

 them (see Osten Sacken; Einflihrung von ]\[iicken (Culex) auf den Sandwich- 

 Inseln. Ent. Zeitung. Stettin, xxii, 51-52, 1861 ; also Van Dine and Kirkaldy). 

 With the data at hand it is impossible to determine definitely whether Cvlex 

 quinquefasciatvs is of Old World or New World origin ; we consider the latter 

 the most probable because the species has developed a number of races or sub- 

 species in America. 



CULEX PIPIENS Linnaeus. 



Culex pipiens Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, 602, 1758. 



Culex pipiens Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, 1002, 1767. 



Culex pipiens Fabricius, Sp. Ins., ii, 469, 1781. 



Culex pipiens Sclirank, Enum. Ins. Austriae indigen., 481, 1781. 



Culex pipiens Fabricius, Mant. Ins., ii, 363, 1787. 



Culex pipiens Herbst, Kurze Einleit. z. Kenntn. d. Ins., iii, 116, 1787. 



Culex pipiens DeVillers, C. Linn. Ent., 562, 1789. 



Culex pipiens Olivier, EncycL Meth., vi, 133, 1791. 



Culex pipiens Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. xiii, 2886, 1792. 



Culex pipiens Fabricius, Ent. Syst., iv, 400, 1794. 



Culex pipiens Schranlc, Fauna Boica, iii, 166, 1803. 



Culex pipiens Meigen, Klass. u. Beschr. eur. zweifl. Ins., 5, 9, 1804. 



Culex pipiens Fabricius, Syst. Antiliat., 33, 18u5. 



Culex pipiens Latreille. Gen. Crust, et. Ins. sec. ord. nat. in fam. dis., iv, 246, 1809. 



Culex pipiens Meigen, Syst. Beschr. bek. eur. zweifl. Ins., i, 7, 10, 1818. 



Culex pipiens Macquart, Ins. Dipt, du nord de la France, i, 161, 1827. 



Culex pipiens Robineau-Desvoidy, Mem. Soc. d'Hist. nat. Paris, iii, 408, 1827. 



Culex consobrinus Robineau-Desvoidy, M6na. Soc. d'hist. nat. Paris, iii, 408, 1827. 



Culex pipiens Meigen, Abbild. aller bis jetzt. bek. eur. zweifl. Ins., pi. ii, fig. 2, 1830. 



Culex pipiens Macquart, Hist. nat. des Ins., Dipt., i, 34, 1834. 



Culex pipiens Curtis, Brit. Entom., xii, no. 537, 2, 1835. 



Culex pipiens Staeger, Naturh. Tidsskr., ii, 553, 1839. 



Culex pipiens Gimmerthal, Bull. Soc. Imp. des Nat. de Moscou, xviii, 291, 1845. 



Culex pipiens Walker, Cat. Dipt. Ins. Brit. Mus., i, 8, 1848. 



Culex pipiens Gistel, Naturgesch. d. Thierreichs, 2 ed., 151, 1851. 



Culex pipiens Walker, Ins. britt., pi. xxv, fig. 7, 1856. 



Culex pipiens Schiner (in part), Fauna Austriaca, Die Fliegen, ii, 628, 1864. 



Culex pipiens Rondani, Bull, della Soc. ent. Ital., iv, 30, 1872. 



Westwood, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. xxxi, 1872. 



Culex pipiens Miiller (H.), Die Befrucht. d. Blumen d. Ins., 153, 198, 1873. 

 Culex pipiens Siebke, Enum. Ins. norvegic, fasc. iv, 192, 1877. 



