132 DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY AND HYDROGRAPHY. 



of the American Albatross Expedition* for different parts of the Indian Ocean and 

 the western Pacific according to the results of the German Planet Expedition. | 



While it has thus been easy to bring a bathymetrical chart representing in a 

 tolerably satisfactory way our present knowledge of the configuration of the bottom 

 of the sea, we have not been able to produce anything in the same manner satis- 

 factory for the configuration of the crust of the earth above sea-level. The liter- 

 ature of cartography is remarkably poor as regards topographical charts of greater 

 parts of the world. As it would have been quite impracticable for us to collect and 

 utilize all primary material of topography in detail, which is accessible in the carto- 

 graphical and geographical literature, we have chosen a limited number of sources- 

 The most important of them has been the height numbers contained on Stieler's 

 AtlasJ used in connection with the course of the rivers and the shadings representing 

 the orographical features of the countries. Besides these we have used a map of 

 the world on a smaller scale edited by the German Marine Authorities, which 

 contains the height-curves for 300, 1000, and 2000 meters. During our work 

 Romer's Atlas) | appeared, containing on a small scale charts of the continents, with 

 height-curves corresponding to the interval of 1000 meters. The topography for the 

 United States has been taken from the chart of the Geological Survey, the curves 

 being changed from feet to meters. Special attention has been paid to the latest 

 results of Sven Hedin in Central Asia.H The short pieces of height-curves drawn on 

 the chart of the Antarctic continent are derived from Shackleton's chart.** Eor the 

 drawing of the height-curves in the Arctic regions, we are indebted to Nansen, 

 Isaachsen, and Amundsen for valuable hints. 



The chart which we have thus produced must not be considered as a geograph- 

 ical document, and it is to be hoped that better charts may soon be produced by 

 professional geographers. But it will serve our special purposes very well. 



Our chart is on the scale of 1 : 20 000 000, and like that of the Prince of Monaco 

 it is distributed on 16 plates in Mercator's projection and 8 in polar projection. It 

 gives the height above and the depths below sea-level precisely in the same way. 

 The curves for the height, respectively the depth, of 200 meters are dotted, those for 

 500 stippled, and then continuous curves are drawn for every 1000 meters of height or 

 depth. It will be equally legitimate to interpret the meter indicating these heights 

 or depths as the common geometrical meter or as the dynamic meter (compare 

 Statics, section 15). 



179. Charts of Idealized Topography. If we were to proceed with perfect rigor, 

 we should have to apply the surface-condition to the true surface of separation 

 between the moving medium and the bounding surface. This would require the 



*Memoires of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, vol. 33. Cambridge, 1906. 



fForschungreise S. M. S. Planet 1906-1907. T. 3, Oeeanographie. Berlin, 1909. 



JStieler's Hand-Atlas, Neunte Auflage. Gotha, 1907. 



Weltkarte zur Uebersicht der Meerestiefen & Hohenschichten, herausgegeben von dem Hydrographischen Amte 



des Reichs-Marine-Amts. Berlin, 1893. 

 ||Lemberg, 1908. 



HSven Hedin: Transhimalaya. Stockholm, 1909. 

 **B. E. H. Shackleton: The Heart of the Antarctic. London, 1908. 



