ZOOLOGY IN AMERICA. 165 



Mollusca. 58 workers, of whom Pilsbry and Dall, in particular, are in 

 the very front rank. H. A. Pilsbry in 1900 published 36 papers, besides three 

 others in cooperation with different workers, and at the same time continued 

 the great Manual of Conchology, which is a monograph of the mollusca of the 

 world. W. H. Dall published 15 papers, and the great value of his work on 

 the bivalves, in particular, is recognized in every country. Other prominent 

 names are those of Beecher, C. T. Simpson, Stearns, Sterki, Verrill, Bush and 

 Whitfield. It must be confessed that there is a lack of good workers on the 

 Pacific coast, though amateur collectors are quite numerous, and are contin- 

 ually discovering wonderful things, which are mostly described by Eastern 

 conchologists. 



Tunicata. There is one paper by Verrill, of Yale, but Professor W. E. 

 Ritter, of the University of California, has this group practically to himself 

 in this country. He is preparing an elaborate work on the numerous species 

 of the Pacific coast, which at present are almost wholly unknown. 



Brachiopoda. Ten workers; the work relates almost entirely to the fossil 

 forms. 



Bryozoa. Eight workers. J. M. Nickles and R. S. Bassler give a synopsis 

 of all the American fossil species, in a work of G63 pages. The principal work 

 on living species is in two papers by Miss Alice Robertson, who has found the 

 Pacific coast prolific in interesting forms. 



Crustacea. Thirteen writers, of whom the two most active are both women 

 Miss M. J. Rathbun and Miss H. Richardson, of the National Museum. 



Arachnida (Spiders, Scorpions, Mites, etc.). Only about five workers. 

 This group is much neglected in this country, but Nathan Banks, of the Depart- 

 ment of Agriculture, is industrious enough to count for two; while the work 

 of the Peckhams on hunting-spiders is not to be forgotten. 



Myriapoda (Centipedes). Only one paper in 1900, and that bibliographic! 

 In former years 0. F. Cook has done important work, but his attention is now 

 diverted elsewhere, at least for the time being. 



Insects. 107 writers, not counting a considerable number of papers on 

 economic entomology not seen by the editor of the Zoological Record. The more 

 prominent names include Ashmead, Banks, Beutenmiiller, Casey, Coquillett, 

 Chittenden, Dyar, Fernald, Fox, Bruner, Williston, Holland, Howard, Hulst, 

 Needham, H. Osborn, Schwarz, Scudder, Skinner, J. B. Smith, Strecker, Wheeler 

 and Wickham. Much of the work is descriptive; but the economic work of 

 Howard and his associates is the best in the world 3 if we may accept the 

 opinion of European entomologists; while the new entomology, which combines 

 the study of form with that of habits, finds admirable exponents in Wheeler 

 and Needham. Dyar's work on the immature stages of insects has been freely 

 used and acknowledged in Europe, and parasitic hymenoptera are sent from 

 London and Paris to Ashmead for identification. G. B. King, the janitor of the 

 court-house at Lawrence, Mass., has, with everything against him, made a repu- 

 tation as a student of scale-insects, and his cooperation has been sought even 

 in Germany. 



Echinoderma (Star-fishes, Crinoids, etc.). 43 workers, much of the work 

 relating to fossil forms. Prominent names are those of Clarke, Loeb, Springer, 

 Vaughan and Verrill. F. Springer, our best authority on crinoids, has been able 

 to produce the most elaborate and careful works in the intervals of a busy 

 life as a lawyer; works which, it may be remarked, are much better known 

 in London than in New Mexico, where he resides. 



Worms. 37 writers, but it must be confessed that the papers are mostly 

 of minor importance. Verrill has described a large number of new species. 

 The earthworms and fiatworms are greatly in need of more attention. 



