MENTAL AND MORAL HEREDITY IN ROYALTY. 179 



father or mother. Both of Philip's marriages were from the biolog- 

 ical point of view extremely unwise, the first being worse than the 

 second, as Mary was a daughter of John III. of Portugal, who was 

 weak and bigoted, in fact, a man much like Philip himself. Philip's 

 wife was doubly related to him, being both first and second cousin, 

 and this relation coming by way of the insane ancestors. So what 

 wonder that the child of this union, Don Carlos, should have been 

 one of the most despicable and unfortunate specimens of humanity 

 in modern history? 



The following pedigree of Don Carlos shows his chances of in- 

 heriting the inbred neurosis : 



John, = Isabel, 

 imbecile, insane. 



Isabella. 



John, = Isabel, 

 imbecile, insane. 

 Isabella. 



John, = Isabel, 

 imbecile, insane. 



Isabella. 



John, = Isabel, 

 imbecile, insane. 



Isabella = Ferdinand. 



Johanna. = Philip, 

 ' mad.' weak. 



Chas. V., = Isabel, 

 melancholic. 



Emanuel, = Mary, 

 weak. 



John III. = Catherine, 

 weak. 



Mary. = Philip II., 

 morose, 

 cruel. 

 Don Carlos, 

 madly depraved and cruel 



Johanna, Emanuel I., = Mary. 



'mail.' weak. 



Chas. V., = Isabel, 

 melancholic. 



Here if there had been many children instead of one I should say 

 that in a rough way extreme degeneration would be likely to be present 

 in somewhat more than half the number. It is significant to notice 

 that the two worst characters in all modern royalty, Don Carlos and 

 Peter 'the Cruel,' are also the two who have the worst pedigrees. 



Don Carlos, it will be observed, though a great-grandson of Joanna 

 'the Mad' and Philip 'the 'Weak,' has almost exactly the same blood. 

 Ferdinand and Isabella extend right across the chart. Emanuel I. 

 takes his origin from a root almost identical with both Ferdinand 

 and Isabella, and this root we have seen is the reign in which the 

 insanity must have originated. 



I do not see how Philip could have planned it better if he had 

 wanted this son whom he really so much despised. 



The son by Philip's only other productive marriage was Philip III. 

 Here again we have a close inbreeding, though through a somewhat 

 "better route. Anne was his own niece and even more closely related 

 than a niece, as her father was Philip's own cousin. The only out- 

 side blood was distant, by Ladislaus. King of Hungary. This blood 

 was presumably healthy though not distinguished. Philip was a man 

 of very low mental calibre (about grade 2). Hume says he was not 



