296 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



know that the law of gravitation is modified in the motions of the 

 matter that forms the tails of comets. There is an anomaly in the 

 theory of Mercury which the law does not explain, and the motion of 

 our moon is not yet represented by theory. The lunar theory is very 

 complicated and difficult, but it does not seem probable that the defect 

 in Hansen's theory will be found by recomputing the periodical coeffi- 

 cients, that have been already computed by many mathematicians and 

 astronomers, and with good agreement by Hansen and Delaunay, by 

 very different methods. Hansen was a computer of great skill, but he 

 may have forced an agreement with observations, from 1750 to 1850, 

 by using a coefficient of long period with an erroneous value. No doubt 

 the error of this theory will be discovered. Back of all theories, how- 

 ever, remains the difficulty of solving the equations of motion so that 

 the result can be applied with certainty over long periods of time. 

 Until this is done we shall not be able to subject our law to a crucial test. 

 The constants that enter the theories of the planets and moon must 

 be found from observations. In order to compare observations made 

 at distant epochs, the motions of the planes of reference must be 

 known with accuracy, and also the motion of our solar system in space. 

 As the stars are our points of reference their positions and their proper 

 motions must be studied with great care. This department of astron- 

 omy was brought to a high degree of order by the genius of Bessel, 

 whose work forms an epoch in modern astronomy. The recent progress 

 made in determining the positions of the stars in all parts of the 

 heavens will be a great help to the investigations of the future. We 

 must have observatories where accurate and continuous observations are 

 made. Our country is well situated to supplement the work of Europe, 

 and we hope it will never fail to add its contribution to the annals of 

 astronomy. American astronomers should keep pace in the improve- 

 ments for increasing the ease and accuracy of making observations. 

 The spectroscope has given a new element in the motions of the stars, 

 not to speak of the interesting physical results obtained by its use. 

 Photography will give great aid in determining the relative positions of 

 the stars and in forming maps of the heavens. All new methods, 

 however, will need examination and criticism, since they bring new 

 sources of error. Fifty years ago it was thought the chronograph 

 would increase very much the accuracy of right ascensions. It has not 

 done this directly to any great extent, but it has increased the ease and 

 rapidity of observing. We must remember that astronomical results 

 finally depend on meridian observations, and that it is the duty of 

 astronomers to make these continuous from generation to generation. 

 In this way we shall gain the powerful influence of time to help control 

 and solve our problems. There is one point where a reform may be 

 needed from the dead weight of the large and expanding volumes sent 



