MENTAL AND MORAL HEREDITY IN ROYALTY. 425 



3. Castile: Isabella, the Catholic, wife of Ferdinand of Aragon. 



Isabella was probably a reversion due to the remarkable and repeated 

 inbreeding from John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and John the 

 Great of Portugal. Her illustrious descendants were numerous. 

 Among others may be mentioned the emperor Charles Quint, Don 

 John of Austria and Alexander Farnese. 



4. Coligny: Caspard, the great admiral. 



The great admiral was the product of the union of the Colignys with 

 the Montmorencys when both families possessed illustrious names. 

 He also left great descendants ( Maurice of Nassau and others ) . 



5. Henriette: poetess, a grand niece of the admiral. 



6. (new) Douglas: Archibald Earl of Angus. 



Not a conspicuous example of heredity. His son Gavin was distin- 

 guished as a poet. 

 '/. (new) Egmont: Lamoral, -1558. 



Had two sons of some distinction. 



8. Hanau: Amelia, married William V. of Hesse-Cassel. 



As regent, ' extraordinary energy, wisdom and virtue.' William the 

 Silent, the illustrious founder of the Dutch Republic, had thirty-two 

 grandchildren, four of whom were distinguished. Amelia was one 

 of these four. 



9. Hohenzollern : Frederick William, the Great Elector of Brandenburg. 



True founder of the eminence of the Hohenzollerns and greatest man 

 in Germany in his day. He was one of the numerous great grand- 

 children of William the Silent. 



10. Lorraine: Rene II., Duke of, -1508. 



Defeated Charles the Bold. Mother was a daughter of Ren6, Duke of 

 Aragon ( distinguished ) . 



11. Lorraine: Claude, first Duke of Guise, son of the above. He served in the 



army with distinction at Marignano and other places, and was created 

 Duke of Guise by Francis I. His fame was exceeded by his son, 

 Francis, who became ' one of the greatest commanders of his time/ 

 and also by his grandson, Henry, the bitter opponent of the Protes- 

 tants. 



12. (new) Orange: William the Silent, illustrious founder of the Dutch Re- 



public. Sprang from comparatively mediocre stock, but his genius 

 was wonderfully well perpetuated owing to his remarkably brilliant 

 alliances. 



13. Palatine: Sophia, Electress of Hanover, an undoubted example of heredi- 



tary talent, owing to her many brilliant relations, and one of the 

 connecting links between the genius in the families of Orange and 

 Hohenzollern. 



14. Parthenay: Catherine, Vicomtesse de Rohan, -1631. 



" A spirited and gifted French lady, was a Huguenot. She distin- 

 guished herself at the siege of La Rochelle in 1627, and later pub- 

 lished some poems." The famous Duke of Rohan was her son. He 

 was called ' the perfect captain,' also wrote valuable memoirs and a 

 treatise on war. The father and aunt were both distinguished. 



15. (new) Romanhof : Peter the Great of Russia. 



It is a question whether Peter is to be regarded as a new variation 

 or a reversion to his great grandfather, Feodor, who was the greatest 

 man in Russia in his day. His only other very brilliant relation was 

 Sophia, his half sister. 



