DOUBLE PERSONALITY. 67 



principal factor in learning a foreign language is manifold asso- 

 ciation. The vocabularies in text-books are printed with the 

 English equivalent after each word. The pupil is required to 

 learn and recite those vocabularies and then to apply the knowl- 

 edge in reading and writing sentences. It must be apparent that 

 this method affords but a narrow ground of association, and diffi- 

 cult recollection is, of course, inevitable. It has been shown that 

 when foreign words are printed and are followed by a picture of 

 the object instead of the equivalent word in the vernacular, mem- 

 ory is largely aided. 



Excellent as is this plan, however, it can not be used in con- 

 nection with all the parts of speech, but must be confined prin- 

 cipally to one class of words. When, however, we make use of 

 the motor side, first creating through this means the idea in the 

 mind of the pupil and afterward giving, in the foreign tongue, the 

 expression of this idea without the employment of English as an 

 intermediary, we are not only taking the most direct way to lead 

 the pupil to understand and think according to the idiom of the 

 language he wishes to learn, but we are also economizing mental 

 effort on his part, because the largest acquirement results from 

 the effort expended. In a future article I purpose to discuss more 

 fully this particular topic, and to describe some experiments now 

 being made for the purpose of developing a method of teaching 

 German according to this principle. 



DOUBLE PERSONALITY. 



By Pbop. WILLIAM EOMAINE NEWBOLD. 



BEFORE discussing the conception of double personality, it 

 may be as well briefly to review the conceptions of which I 

 have so far made use. I have held that the human mind must be 

 conceived as a complex system of elements which is capable of 

 greater or less degrees of disruption or disordination without the 

 total destruction of its component elements. Disordination often 

 takes place normally while falling asleep; it can be artificially 

 produced by the use of certain drugs, and, in some persons, by 

 concentration of attention ; it is also found in some diseases, nota- 

 bly epilepsy and hysteria. In disordination the dissociated ele- 

 ments which remain work out their normal results with more 

 fatal precision than usual ; from this fact spring the phenomena 

 of suggestibility, trance, and ecstasy, and some forms of hallu- 

 cination and automatism. Frequently the dissociated elements 

 recombine in new forms, some of the constituents of the former 

 consciousness being omitted and new ones appearing ; this gives 



