SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE. 273 



ical index of the trees of the eastern United States gives the common names 

 and the botanical names according to Gray and Sargent, with the family 

 to which each tree belongs. 



This book* is not a description of scenery nor an account of Alpine ad- 

 ventures, but an inquiry into the agencies that have made Switzerland, 

 what it is. Its scenery, the author says, " is so greatly due to geological 

 causes that it is impossible to discuss the present configuration of the sur- 

 face without some reference to its history in bygone times. I do not, how- 

 ever, propose to deal with geology further than is necessary for my present 

 pm'pose." He defines that purpose by remarking that during his holidays 

 in the Alps " my attention was from tlie first directed to the interesting 

 problems presented by the physical geography of the country. I longed 

 to know what forces had raised the mountains, hollowed out the lakes, and 

 directed the rivers. During all my holidays these questions have occupied 

 my thoughts, and I have read much of what has been written about them." 

 While the book, notwithstanding its somewhat clumsy construction, will 

 be an acceptable one to every reflecting reader, it will be most welcome to 

 one who is interested in geology. He need not be a geologist, nor much 

 versed in that science, for the author has supplied a very good elementary 

 geological introduction to the work, in which those geological points that 

 have immediate application to the matter in hand are sufficiently explained. 

 But he must want to know why such and such features are so, for that is 

 what the book undertakes to tell. With such a mind, every student and 

 tourist will find the book pleasant and profitable. First is given the geo- 

 logical introduction, with especial reference, of course, to Switzerland. 

 Then the origin of mountains is discussed, and the general peculiarities 

 of the mountains of Switzerland are noticed. The phenomena caused by 

 the accumulation and action of ice and snow are considered, the former 

 extension of glaciers, the origin and formation of valleys, the action of 

 rivers, their directions, the character and origin of the lakes, and the influ- 

 ence of the strata upon scenery. Pursuing the study more in detail, atten- 

 tion is directed to the Jura, the central plain, the outer Alps, the central 

 massives, the Lake of Geneva, the massive of Mont Blanc, the Valois, the 

 Bernese Oberland, the upper Aar, Zurich and Glarus, the Rhine, the Reuss, 

 the Ticino, and the Engadine, closing with a general summary of the geo- 

 logical history of Switzerland. A list of works and memoirs referred to 

 is given in the appendix. The work is accompanied with more than one 

 hundred and fifty suitable illustrations and an excellent map. 



It is idle to speculate as to whether Herbart could have done the work 

 in education that Locke or Pestalozzi did, but certain it is that, having the 

 work of the older men to stand upon, he accomplished what they could not 

 do, Hei'bart's service it was to unite into one system the grand isolated 

 principles established by the pioneers of modern education. The volume 

 before usf presents Herbart's ideas as set forth in seven of his essays, two 



* The Scenery of Switzerland and the CauBes to which it is Due. By the Right Hon. Sir John Lub- 

 bock. Pp. 371, 12mo. New York and London : The Macmillau Company. Price, $1.50. 



+ Herbart's A B C of Sense-Perception and Minor Pedagogical Works. Translated, with Intro- 

 duction, Notes, and Commentary, by William J. Eckoff. International Education Series, vol. xxsvi. 

 Pp. 288, l2mo. New York : D. Appleton & Co. Price, $1.50. 

 VOL. L. 22 



