THE RACIAL GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE. 579 



considerable as compared with tlie height from forehead to chin. 

 Anthropologists make use of this relation to measure the so- 

 called facial index ; but a lack of uniformity in the mode of tak- 

 ing measurements has so far prevented extended observations fit 

 for exact comparison. It is sufficient for our purposes to adopt 

 the rule, long head, oval face; short head and round face. Our 

 six types on the next page, arranged in an ascending series of 

 cephalic indices from 65 to 94, make clearly manifest this relation 

 between the head and face. In proportion as the heads become 

 broader back of the temples, the face appears relatively shorter. 

 The correspondence is not exact, as, for example, in the case of the 

 brachy cephalic type from Piedmont in Italy, where the face is 

 rather long for the breadth of the head. This is probably a 

 case of individual variation, perhaps due to racial intermixture. 

 Only a few examples of widespread disharmonism, as it is 

 called, between head and face are known. The Greenland Es- 

 kimos resemble the Lapp shown in our portrait in squareness of 

 face, notwithstanding the fact, illustrated in the world map on 

 page 582, that they are almost the longest- headed race known. 

 In Europe, where disharmonism is very infrequent among the 

 living populations, its prevalence in the prehistoric Cro-Magnon 

 race, will afford us a means of identification of this type wherever 

 it persists to-day. At times disharmonism arises in mixed types 

 the product of a cross between a broad and a long headed race, 

 wherein the one element contributes the head form while the other 

 persists rather in the facial proportions. Such combinations are 

 apt to occur among the Swiss, lying as they do at the ethnic cross- 

 roads of the continent. 



An important point to be noted in this connection is that this 

 shape of the head seems to bear no direct relation to intellectual 

 power or intelligence. Posterior development of the cranium does 

 not imply a corresponding backwardness in culture. The broad- 

 headed races of the earth may not as a whole be quite as deficient 

 in civilization as some of the long heads, notably the Australians 

 and Melanesians. On the other hand, the Chinese are conspicu- 

 ously long-headed, surrounded by the barbarian brachycephalic 

 Mongol hordes ; and the Eskimos in many respects surpass the 

 Indians in culture. Dozens of similar contrasts might be given. 

 Europe offers the best refutation of the statement that the pro- 

 portions of the head mean anything intellectually. The English, 

 as our map of Europe will show, are distinctly long-headed. 

 Measurements on the students at the Massachusetts Institute of 

 Technology are fairly typical for the Anglo-Saxon peoples. Out 

 of a total of 486 men, four were characterized at one extreme by an 

 index below 70 ; the upper limit was marked by four men with an 

 index of 87. The series of heads culminated at an index of 77, 



