THE RACIAL GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE. 583 



pies of these extremes. In profile the posterior development of 

 the negro skull should be compared with the bullet- shaped head 

 of the Asiatic. It will appear that differences in length are as 

 remarkable as in the breadth. The line of division of head forms 

 passes east and west just south of the great continental backbone 

 extending from the Alps to the Himalayas. Thus the primitive 

 natives of India, the black men of the hill tribes, who are quite 

 distinct from the Hindu invaders, form part of this southern long- 

 headed group. The three southern centers of long-headedness 

 may once have been part of a single continent which occupied 

 the basin of the Indian Ocean. From the peculiar geographical 

 localization about this latter center of the lemurs, a species allied 

 to the monkeys, together with certain other mammals, some natu- 

 ralists have advocated the theory that such a continent once united 

 Africa and Australia.* To this hypothetical land mass they have 

 assigned the name Lemuria. It would be idle to discuss the 

 theory in this place. Whether such a continent ever existed or 

 not, the present geographical distribution of long-headedness 

 points to a common derivation of the African, the Melanesian, 

 and the Dravidian peoples of India. The phenomena of skin 

 color and of hair only serve to strengthen the hypothesis. 



The extremes in head form here presented between the north 

 and the south of the eastern hemisphere constitute the mainstay 

 of the theory that in these places we find the two primary ele- 

 ments of the human species. Other racial traits only help to 

 confirm the deduction. The most sudden anthropo- geographical 

 transition in the world is afforded by the Himalaya mountain 

 ranges. Happily, we possess pretty detailed information for parts 

 of this region, especially the Pamir. This " roof of the world " is 

 of peculiar interest to us as the land to which Max Miiller sought 

 to trace the Aryan invaders of Europe by a study of the lan- 

 guages of that continent. It is clearly proved that this greatest 

 mountain system in the world is at the same time the dividing 

 line between the extreme types of mankind. It is really the 



and Maurel, on Indonesia and the western Pacific. For special details vide Balz, on Japan ; 

 Man, on the Audamans ; and others. For Africa and Australia the results are certain but 

 scattered through a number of less extended investigations. Then there is the more general 

 work of Weisbach, Broca, Pruner Bey, and others. All these have been checked or sup- 

 plemented by the large collections of observations on the cranium. A complete bibliog- 

 raphy, as detailed as the one provided for Europe, will be pu):)lished in due tipje. It will 

 never cease to be a matter of regret that observers like Paulitschke, Elirenreich, Hart- 

 mann, Fritsch, Finsch, the Sarasin brothers, Stanley, and others, offer no material for work 

 of this kind. For the location of tribes we have used Gerland's Atlas fiir Volkerkunde. 

 It is to be hoped that Dr. Boas's map for North America, now ready for publication, may 

 not long be delayed. 



* Ernst Haeckel, in his Anthropogenic, gives an interesting map with a restoration of this 

 continent as a center of dispersion for mammals. 



