592 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



the Italian Piedmontese, or between the French Savoyards and 

 Tyrolese. 



From what has been said, it will appear that these Alpine 

 populations in purity exceed any known tribes of central Asia in 

 the breadth of their heads. Yet within three hundred miles, as 

 the crow flies, in the island of Corsica, are communes with an 

 average cephalic index of 73. These mountaineers of inland Cor- 

 sica are thus as long-headed as any tribe of Australians, the wood 

 Veddahs of Ceylon, or any African negroes of which we have ex- 

 tended observations. A little way farther to the north there are 

 other populations in Scotland, Ireland, and Scandinavia which 

 are almost as widely different from the Alpine peoples in the pro- 

 portions of the head as are the Corsicans. An example of extreme 

 individual variation downward is shown in our illustrated Teu- 

 tonic type, which has a lower index than any recorded for the 

 longest-headed primitive races known. Nor is this all. Pass to 

 northern Scandinavia, and we find among the Lapps again, one 

 of the broadest-headed peoples of the earth, of a type shown in 

 our series of portraits. 



So remarkably sudden are these transitions that one is tempted 

 at first to regard them as the result of chance. Further examina- 

 tion is needed to show that it must be due to law. Proof of this 

 is offered by the map itself ; for it indicates a uniform gradation 

 of head form from several specific centers of distribution outward. 

 Consider Italy, for example, where over three hundred thousand 

 individuals, from every little hamlet, have been measured in de- 

 tail. The transition from north to south is perfectly consistent. 

 The people of the extreme south are like the Tunisian shown in 

 our portrait ; while at the knee of Italy, halfway up, the mean 

 type in our series of illustrations stands between the two geo- 

 graphical extremes in its proper place. So it is all over the con- 

 tinent. Each detailed research is a check on its neighbor. There 

 is no escape from the conclusion that we have to do with law. 



Two distinct races of man, measured by the head form alone, 

 are to be found within the confines of this little continent. One 

 occupies the heart of western Europe as an outpost of the great 

 racial type which covers all Asia and most of eastern Europe as 

 well. The other, to which we as Anglo-Saxons owe allegiance, 

 seems to hang upon the outskirts of Europe, intrenched in purity 

 in the islands and peninsulas alone. Northern Africa, as we have 

 already observed, is to be classed with these. Furthermore, this 

 long-headed type appears to be aggregated about two distinct 

 centers of distribution in the north and south respectively. In 

 the next paper we shall show that these two centers of long- 

 headedness are again divided from one another in respect of both 

 color of hair and eyes and stature. From the final combination 



