THE CLIFF-DWELLER'S SANDAL. 677 



The geographical and chronological distribution of the sandal 

 first named is most suggestive. So far as the National Museum 

 collections teach, this form occurs throughout the Japanese area, 

 but nowhere in Korea or China. By climate it is debarred from 

 Manchuria, Mongolia, and all Siberia, and it is not seen in Tibet. 



But both the Japanese type of sandal and the divided mitten- 

 like sock occur again in Kashmir and countries westward and 

 southward. Thence this sandal is found in southern Asia, and 

 has walked all about the Mediterranean for thousands of years. 

 It was the footgear of the Melanochroic Caucasian from very 

 early times. The Mohammedans have scattered it here and there 

 in Africa and thence wore it into Spain. The Latin peoples that 

 conquered middle and South America introduced there for the 

 first time in the history of the Western world this sandal with 

 the single toe string. 



Before that there were in America fur boots in arctic areas, 

 buckskin moccasins down to the borders of the arid region, and 

 thence southward the foot was protected by a sandal, not of raw- 

 hide, for there was none in existence, but of fiber in various kinds 

 of plaiting, and kept on the foot by lacing all round the border 

 and by toe strings and toe loops inclosing toes No. 2 and 3. 

 Fortunately, the meager collections from the cliff dwellings in 

 the United States National Museum are abundantly supplemented 

 by the materials in Cambridge and in the University of Pennsyl- 

 vania. Through the courtesy of Prof. Putnam and Mr. Stewart 

 Culin I am able to say that the ancient sandal of Arizona and 

 New Mexico never had the single toe string between toes No. 1 

 and 2. The old types were either of rawhide slashed about the 

 margin, or of fiber with loops about the margin, or of fiber with 

 strip or loop inclosing toes 2 and 3. The examples shown in the 

 plate are from the cliff dwellings of Arizona. Fig. 1 is in the 

 basketry stitch of northern California, " twined work " on a warp 

 of yucca twine in two layers ; the weft of Apocymim is treated 

 precisely like that of the Ute, Apache, California, and some 

 mound-builder fabrics, by twining two filaments about the warp 

 strands. Decorations are inserted by varying the color and the 

 overlapping of the warp. The lacing is better shown in the next 

 example. 



Fig. 2 is of Yucca angustifolia fronds not shredded, but plaited 

 diagonally in the manner most widely spread over the Western 

 world. The lacing consists of toe loop, heel loop, and string. 

 The last named commences on the instep and is looped about the 

 toe loop, the heel loop on the right, over the instep and about the 

 heel loop on the left, back to the starting point and knotted. 



Fig. 3 is of coarser yucca fiber shredded somewhat, and plaited 

 more coarsely than Fig. 2. The lacing is on the same plan as in 



