764 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



By reason of the difficulties above mentioned, our map is in- 

 tended to convey an idea of the relative brunetteness of the vari- 

 ous parts of Europe by means of the shading rather than by con- 

 crete percentages. It is, in fact, impossible to reduce all the 

 results to a common base for exact comparison. What we have 

 done is to patch together the maps for each country, adopting a 

 scheme of tinting for each which shall represent, as nearly as may 

 be, its relation to the rest. In the scale at the left the shades on 

 the same horizontal line are supposed to represent approximately 

 equal degrees of pigmentation. The arrangement of the colors in 

 separate groups, it will be observed, corresponds to national sys- 

 tems of measurement. Thus the five tints used in Germanic coun- 

 tries and the six in Italy are separately grouped, and are each 

 distinct from those used for the coloration of France. It will be 

 observed that these separate national groups often overlap at each 

 end. This arrangement indicates, for example, that the darkest 

 part of Scandinavia contains about as many brunette traits as the 

 lightest portion of Germany, and that they are both lighter than 

 any part of Scotland ; or that the fourth zone of brunetteness in 

 Germany contains about as high a proportion of dark traits as 

 the lightest part of France, and that they are both about as dark 

 areas as the middle zone in England. As the diagram shows, 

 central France is characterized by a grade of brunetteness some- 

 what intermediate between the south of Austria and northern 

 Italy. In other words, the increase of pigmentation toward the 

 south is somewhat more gradual there than in the eastern Alps. 

 To summarize the whole system, equally dark tints along the 

 same horizontal line in the diagram indicate that in the areas 



widely differing systems to a common base, so that comparisons may properly be drawn, is 

 simple. In many areas along the border line of systems the same population has been 

 studied from each side. Thus, in the Tyrol, Tappeiner (Zeit. fiir Ethnologic, xii, p. 269) has 

 studied adults, so that his results may be correlated with those of Livi in Italy (Anthropo- 

 metria Militare, Rome, 1896). At the same time Schimmer has studied the children (Mitt, 

 der anth. Ges. in Wien, Supp., 1884), so that his data from the same people may bind them 

 to the German- Austrian populations, Weisbach, from adults in Austria, also works near 

 by (Mitt, der anth. Ges. Wien, xxv, p. 73). Dr. Beddoe, ,in his monumental work, The 

 Races of Britain, with results of personal observation from all over Europe, gives data for 

 international comparison, showing, for example, that southern England equals Alsace, and 

 that Zurich equals London (p. 73, seq.). In another place he gives opportunity for compari- 

 son with the French system (Bull, de la Soc. d'Anth., Paris, 1882, p. 146 ; and Revue 

 d'Anthopologie, Series III, iv, p. 513). Topinard (Elements, pp. 338,339), from the same 

 observations, has shown that Normandy, Vienna, and Cornwall are about equally pigmented, 

 and that the Walloons and the Bretons are about alike in this respect. Knowing from 

 Yandekindere, Virchow (Archiv fiir Anth., xvi, p. 275), and Schimmer how the Walloons 

 are related to the rest of central Europe, the way is clear. For Spain we have the merest 

 hint from study of the eyes alone (Archiv fiir Anthropologic, xxii, p. 431). Weisbach 

 (Zeitschrift fiir Ethnalogie, Supplement, 1884) gives data for southeast Europe. In due 

 time the further details of preparation for the map will be published. 



