THE RACIAL GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE. 765 



thus equally shaded there are about the same proportions of traits 

 or types, as the case may be, which are entitled to be called bru- 

 nette. 



In a rough way, the extremes in the distribution of the blond 

 and brunette varieties within the population of Europe are as fol- 

 lows. At the northern limit we find that about one third of the 

 people are pure blondes, characterized by light hair and blue 

 eyes ; about one tenth are pure brunettes ; the remainder, over 

 one half, being mixed with a tendency to blondness. On the 

 other hand, in the south of Italy the pure blondes have almost 

 entirely disappeared. About one half the population are pure 

 brunettes, with deep brown or black hair, and eyes of a corre- 

 sponding shade ; and the other half is mixed, with a tendency to 

 brunetteness.* The half-and-half line seems to lie about where 

 it ought, not far from the Alps. Yet it does not follow the paral- 

 lels of latitude. A circle, described with Copenhagen as a center, 

 sweeping around near Vienna, across the middle of Switzerland, 

 thence up through the British Isles, might serve roughly to indi- 

 cate such a boundary. North of it blondness prevails, although 

 always with an appreciable percentage of pure brunettes. South 

 of it brunetteness finally dominates quite exclusively. It should 

 not fail of 'note that toward the east there is a slight though con- 

 stant increase of brunetteness along the same degrees of lati- 

 tude and that the western portion of the British Isles is a north- 

 ern outpost of the brunette type. 



Thus we see at a glance that there is a gradual though con- 

 stant increase in the proportion of dark eyes and hair from north 

 to south. There are none of those sharp contrasts which ap- 

 peared upon our map showing the distribution of the long and 

 broad heads in Europe. On that map the extremes were sepa- 

 rated by only half a continent in either direction from the Alps ; 

 whereas in this case the change from dark to light covers the 

 whole extent of the continent. It is as if a blending wash had 

 been spread over the map of head form, toning down all its 

 sharp racial division lines. Some cause other than race has evi- 

 dently exerted an influence upon all types of men alike, tending 

 to obliterate their physical differences. It is not a question of 

 Celt, Slav, or Teuton. It lies deeper than these. The Czechs in 

 Bohemia are as much darker than the Poles to the north of 

 them, both being Slavic ; as the Bavarians exceed the Prussians 



* For Scotland, vide Report of 1883 of the Anthropometric Committee of the British 

 Association for the Advancement of Science, p 10. Norway is examined in Revue d' An- 

 thropologic, Series HI, vol. iv, p. 293. For Italy, Dr. R. Livi (Anthropometria Militare, Atlas, 

 Plates 6 and 7). Sdll farther south Dr. Collignon has studied Tunis in Etude sur I'Ethno- 

 graphie de la Tunisie, Paris, 1887. See also Revue d' Anthropologic, Series III, vol. iii, p. 

 3 seq. 



