THE RACIAL GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE. 767 



bottom of the table at the south. Thus, among two thousand and 

 fifty natives of Tunis in North Africa, true Europeans as we must 

 repeat, Dr. Collignon found that, while blond hair or eyes were 

 noticeable at times, in no single case was a pure blonde with both 

 light hair and eyes to be discovered. Similarly, in Sardinia, less 

 than one per cent of the population was found by Dr. Livi to be 

 of this pure blond type. The interest and significance of this 

 undoubted fact lie in its bearing upon the theory, propounded 

 by Dr. Brinton, that northern Africa was the center of dispersion 

 of the blond invaders of Europe, who introduced a large meas- 

 ure of its culture. The same thesis is upheld in the latest compre- 

 hensive work in anthropology : I refer to Keane's Ethnology. We 

 shall return to this theory at a later time. It is sufficient here to 

 notice how completely this blond type vanishes among the popu- 

 lations of the south of Europe and northern Africa to-day. Such 

 blondes do occur. Each one in so dark a general population as 

 here prevails is a host itself in the observer's mind. The true 

 status is revealed only when we consider men by hundreds or 

 even thousands. 



Thus far we have been mainly concerned with the pigmenta- 

 tion of the hair and eyes as a result of climatic or other environ- 

 mental influences. Let us now consider the racial aspect of the 

 question. Is there anything in our map which might lead us to 

 suspect that certain of these gradations of pigmentation are due 

 to purely hereditary causes ? In other words, do the long heads 

 and the short heads differ from one another in respect of the 

 color of the hair and eyes, as well as in cephalic index ? In'the 

 preceding paper we took occasion to point out in a general way 

 the remarkable localization of the round-headed element of the 

 European population in the Alps. The great central highland 

 seemed indeed to constitute a veritable focus of this peculiar 

 ])hysical type. In this way it divided two similar centers of long- 

 headedness Teutonic in the north, Mediterranean in the south 

 one from another. This geographical characterization of the 

 broad-headed variety entitled it, in our opinion, to be called the 

 Alpine type, in distinction from the two others above mentioned. 

 It will now be our purpose to inquire whether or not the physical 

 traits of pigmentation stand in any definite and permanent rela- 

 tion to the three types of head form we have thus separated from 

 one another in the geographical sense. 



Many peculiarities in our color map point to the persistence of 

 racial differences despite considerable similarity of environment. 

 Thus the Walloons in the southeastern half of Belgium, with a 

 strip of population down along the Franco-German frontier, are 

 certainly darker than the people all about. Among these Wal- 



