THE RACIAL GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE. 771 



rule we have observed of a primitive broad- headed layer of popu- 

 lation isolated in the uplands are offered by the two valleys of 

 the Ziller in the northeast and of the Isel and Kalserthals just 

 across the main chain of the Alps by Linz. In these places the 

 converse of our proposition is true, since, as one ascends the valleys 

 the broad heads become less frequent. No explanation for this has 

 been offered ; but I have a suspicion that it points to still a third 

 layer of population. The Slavic peoples immigrating within the 

 historic period are all very broad-headed. It is not impossible 

 that this racial element which has overlaid the Teutons in parts 

 of eastern Europe may have followed them into these valleys. 

 Certain it is that Slavic skulls begin to occur in this region. It 

 may have happened in this way : When the long-headed Teutons 

 came, they drove the primitive Alpine population into the side 

 valleys. Then, when the Slavs followed the Teutons, these latter 

 types drifted up and back as well, merging with the original 

 broad-headed stock to produce an intermediate type of head form. 

 This would obviously be less broad than the new Slavic type in 

 relative purity along the main channels of immigration. 



The evidence from the Tyrol that in this part of the Alps the 

 broad heads lie nearest the soil is sustained by similar testimony 

 from the other end of the same mountain chain. Dr. Bedot has 

 studied in some detail the population of the Valais the valley of 

 the upper Rhone in western Switzerland.* Here precisely as in 

 the Tyrol the side valleys are distinctly broader-headed than that 

 of the Rhone. Wherever the foreigner has come he has lowered 

 the cephalic index. Thus, for example, in the open valley of the 

 Rhone the average index is but 82, while in the Gorge du Trient, 

 leading over toward Chamounix, it rises 87. Few of the villages 

 investigated are as isolated to-day as those in the Oetztal valleys 

 of the Tyrol ; but in proportion as they lie off the main track the 

 index rises appreciably. The evidence is indubitable that the 

 broad-headed type is the oldest and most primitive all through 

 the Alps. 



The fact which we have just indicated namely, that the racial 

 type of the population of the Alpine areas changes with the char- 

 acter of the country will now serve us as a foothold for another 

 advance in our argument. By it we shall hope to prove that while 

 the Alpine racial type is intermediate in the pigmentation of the 

 hair and eyes between the Teutonic populations on the north and 

 the Mediterranean at the south, at the same time this phys- 

 ical trait is open to profound modification by the direct influences 

 of environment. We shall hope to prove directly what we have 

 already inferred from consideration of our general map of Europe ; 



* Bull. Soc d'Anth., Paris, Series IV, vol. vi, p. 48fi neq. 



