BIOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND SOCIOLOGY. 165 



served, there is no mention of biological data. Even without 

 saying more, I should, I think, have furnished adequate disproof 

 of the erroneous assertions quoted above. ' Bat now let me pass 

 on from the programme of these works to the works themselves. 

 The closing division of The Principles of Psycliology, entitled 

 "Corollaries" (as in the programme), opens with a chapter con- 

 taining the following passages : 



"Having presently to follow out Evolution under those higher forms 

 which societies present, the special psychology of Man, considered as the 

 unit of which societies are composed, must be briefly outlined." . . . 



" It is manifest that the ability of men to co-operate in any degree as 

 members of a society, presupposes certain intellectual faculties and certain 

 emotions. . . . Hence, in preparation for the study of social evolution, there 

 have to be dealt with various questions respecting the faculties it brings 

 into play, and respecting the modes in which these are developed during 

 continued social life." ( -177.) 



In pursuance of this announcement, there presently follows a 

 chapter on "Language of the Emotions," which introduces a 

 chapter entitled " Sociality and Sympathy." The manifest impli- 

 cation is that recognition of these mental factors must precede 

 the interpretation of social phenomena. After indicating, as 

 Prof. Giddings has recently done, the genesis of sociality, which 

 in certain classes of animals becomes "naturally established as 

 furthering the preservation of the species/' I have gone on 

 to say : 



" Sociality having thus commenced, and survival of the fittest tending 

 ever to maintain and increase it, it will be further strengthened by the 

 inherited effects of habit. The perception of kindred beings, perpetually 

 seen, heard, and smelt, icill come to form a predominant part of con- 

 sciousness so predominant a part that absence of it will inevitably cause 

 discomfort." ( 504.) 



Here, it seems to me, there is described in other words, that " con- 

 sciousness of kind "which Prof. Giddings regards as the "new 

 datum which has been sought for hitherto without success " (p. 

 17) ; and that it is regarded by me as the primary datum is shown 

 by a subsequent sentence running as follows : 



"Among creatures led step by step into gregariousness, there will little 

 by little be established a pleasure in being together a pleasure in the con- 

 sciousness of one another's presence a i^leasure simpler than, and quite 

 distinct from, those higher ones which it makes possible." 



After proceeding, through a dozen pages, to trace the develop- 

 ment of sympathy as a result of gregariousness, there comes a 

 brief statement of 



"The cardinal facts which it has been the aim of this chapter to bring 

 to view, and which we must carry with us as aids to the interpretation of 

 emotional development, and to the subsequent intei'pretation of the socio- 

 logical phenomena accompanying emotional development." ( 512.) 



