262 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



if not perhaps related, varieties of peoples thrust on the same island. 



From this results the natural and entirely unprejudiced conclusion, 

 which has repeatedly been stated, that either a primitive people by 

 later intrusions has been pressed back into the interior or that in 

 course of time several immigrations have followed one another. At 

 the same time it is not unreasonable to think that both processes went 

 on at the same time, and indeed this conception is strongly brought 

 forward.* So Blumentritt assumes that there is there a primitive black 

 people and that three separate Malay invasions have taken place. 

 The oldest, whose branches have many traits in accord with the Dayaks 

 of Borneo, especially the practice of head-hunting; a second, which 

 also took place before the arrival of the Spaniards, to which the Tagals, 

 Visayas, Vicols, Ilocanes, and other tribes belong; the third, Islamitic, 

 which emigrated from Borneo and might have been interrupted by the 

 arrival of the Spaniards, and with which a contemporaneous immigra- 

 tion from the Moluccas went on. It must be said, however, that 

 Blumentritt admits two periods for the first invasion. In the earliest 

 he places the immigration of the Igorrotes, Apayos, Zambales — in short, 

 all the tribes that dwelt in the interior of the country later and were 

 pressed away from the coast, therefore, actually, the mountain tribes. 

 To the second half he assigns the Tinguianes, Catalanganes, and Irayas, 

 who are not head-hunters, but Semper says they appear to have a 

 mixture of Chinese and Japanese blood, f 



Against this scheme many things may be said in detail, especially 

 that, according to the apparently well-grounded assertions of Muller- 

 Beeck, the going of the Chinese to the Philippines was developed 

 about the end of the fourteenth century, and chiefly after the Span- 

 iards had gotten a foothold and were using the Mexican silver in trade. 

 At any rate, the apprehension of Semper, which rests on somewhat 

 superficial physiognomic ground, is not confirmed by searching investi- 

 gations. So the head-hunting of the mountain tribes, so far as it 

 hints at relations with Borneo, gives no sure chronological result, since 

 it might have been contemporaneous in them and could have come here 

 through invasion from other islands. 



The chief inquiry is this : Whether there took place other and older 

 invasions. For this we are not only to draw upon the present tribes. 



» 



R. VirchoWj Alfiiren-Schadel von Ceram und von den Molucken. Ver- 

 handl. Berl. Anthrop. Gesellschaft, 1882, p. 78; 1889, pp. 159, 170. [Whether 

 this be a new type or mixture cf. J. G. F. Riedel, Kroesharige Rassen tuesschen 

 Selebes en Papua, 1886. — Translator.] 



t Note. — The dates for these several migrations are given as follows: First 

 migration, 200 B. C; second migration 100-500, A. D., bringing the alphabet; 

 third migration, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, Islamitic. But these dates 

 represent only opinions up to date, from which more thorough inquiry must set 

 out. — Translator. 



