THE PEOPLING OF THE PHILIPPINES. 353 



If we assume, first, that the immigrants brought their peculiarities 

 with them, which were fixed already when they came, we must also 

 accept as self-evident that the Negritos of the Philippines do not 

 belong to the same stock as the more powerful, bright-colored Indios. 

 As long as these islands have been known, more than three centuries, 

 the skin of the Negritos has been dark brown, almost black, their hair 

 short and spirally twisted, and just as long has the skin of the Indios 

 been brownish, in various shades, relatively clear, and the hair has been 

 long and arranged in wavy locks. At no time, so far as known, has it 

 been discovered that among a single family a pronounced variation 

 from these peculiarities had taken place. On this point there is entire 

 unanimity. In case of the Negritos there is not the least doubt; of 

 the Indios a doubt may arise, for, in fact, the shades of skin color 

 appear greatly varied, since the brown is at times quite blackish, at 

 times yellowish, almost as varied as is the color of the sunburnt hair. 

 But even then the practised eye easily detects the descent, and if the 

 skin alone is not sufficient the first glance at the hair completes the 

 diagnosis. The correct explanation of individual or tribal variations 

 is difficult only with the Indios, while no such necessity exists in the 

 case of the Negritos. But among the Indios these individual and 

 tribal variations are so frequent and so outspoken that one is justified 

 in making the inquiry whether there has not developed here a new 

 type of inherited peculiarities. If this were the case, it must still be 

 held that already the immigrant tribes had possessed them. 



Now, history records that different immigrations have actually 

 taken place. Laying aside the latest before the arrival of the Span- 

 iards, that of the Islamites, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, 

 there remains the older one. If ethnologists and travelers in gen- 

 eral come to the conclusion concerning Borneo — and it is to be taken as 

 certain — that the differences now existing among the wild tribes of this 

 island are very old, it ought not be thought so wonderful if, according 

 to the conditions of the tribes which have immigrated thence, there 

 should exist on the Philippines near one another dissimilar though 

 related peoples. This difference is not difficult to recognize in man- 

 ners and customs — a side of the discussion which is further on to be 

 treated more fully. We begin with physical characteristics. 



Among these the hair occupies the chief place. To be sure, among 

 all the Indios it is black, but it shows not the slightest approach 

 to the frizzled condition which is such a prominent feature in the 

 external appearance of the Negritos and of all the Papuan tribes of 

 the East. This frizzled condition may be called woolly, or in some- 

 what exaggerated refinement in the name may be attributed to the 

 term 'wool,' all sorts of meanings akin to wool; in every case there 

 is wanting to all the Indios the crinkling of the hair from its exit out 



VOL. LIX. — 24 



