3S8 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



deformation in their principal forms.* The result is that in large 

 sections of America scarcely any ancient skulls are found having their 

 natural forms, but that the practise of deformation has not been gen- 

 eral; moreover, a number of deformation centers may be differentiated 

 which stand in no direct association with one another. The Peruvian 

 center is far removed from that of the northwest coast, and this again 

 from that of the Gulf States. From this it must not be said that 

 each center may have had its own, as it' were, autochthonous origin. 

 But the method has not so spread that its course can be followed 

 immediately. Eather is the supposition confirmed that the method is 

 to be traced to some other time, therefore that somewhere there must 

 have been a place of origin for it. On the Eastern Hemisphere, and 

 especially in the region here under consideration, the relations are 

 apparently otherwise. Here exist, so far as known, great areas 

 entirely free from deformation; small ones, on the other hand, full 

 of it. There are here, also, deformation centers, but only a few. 

 Among these, with our present knowledge, the Philippines occupy the 

 first place. 



The knowledge of this, indeed, is not of long duration. Public 

 attention was first aroused about thirty years ago concerning skulls 

 from Samar and Luzon, gathered by F. Jagor from ancient caves, to 

 furnish the proof of their deformation. Up to that time next to 

 nothing was known of deformed crania in the oriental island world. 

 First through my publication! the attention of J. G. Eiedel, a most 

 observant Dutch resident, was called to the fact that cranial deforma- 

 tion is still practised in the Celebes, and he was so good as to send 

 us a specimen of the compressing apparatus for infants (1874). J 

 Compressed crania were also found. But the number was small and 

 the compression of the separate specimens was only slight. In both 

 respects what was observed in the Sunda islands did not differ from 

 the state of the case in the Philippines. Through Jagor's collections 

 different places had become known where deformed crania were 

 buried. Since then the number of localities has multiplied. I shall 

 mention only two, on account of their peculiar position. One is Cagra- 

 ray, a small island east of Luzon, in the Pacific Ocean, at the entrance 

 of the Bay of Albay ;§ the other, the island of Marinduque, in the west, 

 between Luzon and Mindoro. From the last-named island I saw, ten 

 years ago, the first picture of one in a photograph album accidentally 



* Crania ethnica Americana. Berlin, 1892, p. 5, and figs. 



t Zeitschr. fiir Ethnologie, 1870, Vol. II, p. 151. 



$The same, III, p. 110, PI. V, fig. 1; Verhandl. Anthrop. Ges., Vol. VI, p. 

 215; Vol. VII, p. 11; Vol. VIII, p. 69; Vol. IX, p. 276. 



§ Verhandl. der Berliner Anthrop. Gesellsch., 1879, Vol. XI, p. 422; 1889, 

 Vol. XXI, p. 49. 



