THE POSE OF THE BODY. 



395 



Fig. 11. Stevens's Facial 

 Goniometer. 



general association between the character of the face and the type of 

 the head. 



In the case of the long head, for example, the angle is external, as 

 ^vill be seen on turning to the diagram, Fig. 4, in which the facial 

 angle is plus (-}-) 11°, or to Fig. 14 where 

 it is plus (-(-) 15°. In the broad head, on the 

 contrary, the angle is likely to be inverse, as 

 in Fig. 6 where the angle is minus ( — ) 10°. 

 In the tall head, however, the facial angle 

 almost vanishes. It is, in general, 0° as in 

 Fig. 5 or only an angle of from -j- 2° to -(- 4°, 

 rarely exceeding -[-6°. But, as already inti- 

 mated, the angle may vary in each type of 

 head. 



ISTow, if the angle of the face is taken in 

 connection with the type of head, we have a 

 fairly certain indication of the direction of the 

 plane of vision. 



With the long head and strong external 

 facial angle the plane of vision is almost in- 

 variably low. With the broad head and inverse 

 angle the visual plane is also low, but there is 

 a restricted downward range of the rotations of the eyes, notwithstand- 

 ing this depressed position of the visual plane. With the tall head and 

 straight face the plane of vision is high and in proj)ortion as the head 

 is comparatively tall it may be very high. 



When these elemental principles are once understood it is not diffi- 

 cult to comprehend the phenomena to wliich they give rise. 



Thus it is easy to see that a person whose normal plane of vision 

 is quite low finds it easier to throw the head backwards, lifting the chin 

 and forcing the forehead back, than to raise the visual plane to the 

 level of the horizon or even to the lower plane which the eyes assume 

 in walking, if that visual plane has to be thus elevated and the eleva- 

 tion maintained for some time by the delicate muscles which act 

 directly in elevating the eyes.* On the contrary one whose visual 

 plane is very high prefers to throw the forehead in advance and the 

 chin into the breast rather than maintain a tension upon the little 

 muscles which act directly upon the eyes to pull them down. 



Thus it will be seen that the person represented at Fig. 12, with the 

 long head (from before backward) and the strong angle of the face, 

 carries the forehead quite far back and the chin well up, not from 



* There is more in this statement than would at first appear, for the im- 

 portant question of the horopter must be included here, but this would add an 

 element too extensive for present discussion. 



