HARDWICKE'S SC lEN CE-GOS SIP. 



21-9 



larger, and when the cocoon is completed, it 

 diminishes altogether. At the left-hand side of the 

 cut is seen a curious ringed structure, marked b b. 

 These are the breathing-tubes or trachea. They 

 extend through the whole insect, surrounding 

 every organ contained in the system. They are 

 formed of minute spiral tubes, which are made up 

 of two threads overlapping each other. These 

 tubes are connected with openings on the outside, 

 called spiracles, b*' b*, which are of various forms, 

 and covered with hairs or quills, to keep dust, &c., 

 out of the tubes, and thus prevent them from get- 

 ting choked. The curious bag- shaped organ e 

 contains the saliva which is required by insects 

 more or less. There is one more organ 1 must 

 mention — that is the liver (d). It is like a mass of 

 scribbled lines between the digestive organs and 

 the breathing-tubes, and well repays a microsco- 

 pical examination. If the vital parts are removed, 

 the muscles are then seen with which the cater- 

 pillar bends itself, &c. Having now studied the 

 inside, we will take a microscopical glance at the 

 outside. Some species are covered with hairs, 

 which form beautiful microscopical objects. Cater- 

 pillars have two kinds of legs— two at the back 

 called pro-legs. These are furnished with suckers, 

 which enable them to hold on to anything. The 

 others are simply a kind of claw. The eyes are 

 compound — that is, they possess many lenses. The 

 mouth is a very curious microscopical object. The 

 anatomy of a caterpillar will amply repay the 

 trouble of examining it, and a young student of 

 zoology cannot do better than persevere in his 

 attempts to thoroughly understand it. 



W. Tylak. 



HOLIDAY RAMBLES. 



NO. II. — BOTANIZING IN THE HIGHLANDS. 



IT was not with expression of unmingled admira- 

 tion at the generosity of the Duke of Athol 

 that we paid the accustomed "bawbee" to the toll- 

 keeper his grace places at Dunkeld Bridge. We 

 were out botanizing, and of course every eligible 

 place we came to seemed always to produce a 

 notice to "trespassers to beware." It is not flat- 

 tering to one's amour propre to be looked on with 

 suspicion by some athletic keeper, who only sees a 

 "plant" in your being so assiduously engaged in 

 looking after weeds. So, to prevent any such ren- 

 contre, we obtained a guide at the porter's lodge 

 to conduct us over the pretty grounds of the Duke 

 of Athol, and for a time listened with that amount 

 of pleasure always excited by hearing the recital of 

 the professional guide's oft-told tale, till at length 

 we noticed he was lame. We suggested rest ; he 

 acquiesced in the suggestion, and so we were left 

 alone to wander by the banks of the Tay and pick 



such specimens as we could. The sides were purple 

 with the Geranium ayhaticum, and the Gemn rivale 

 was also abundant ; then the yellow flowers of the 

 Solidago virgaurea and Ilieracium murorum were 

 growing among the rocks, while the hill-side was 

 covered witli the Veronica officinalis, Potentilla ior- 

 mentilla, Galium saxatile, and Blechnum boreale. 

 By the water-edge the pretty Spirea salicifolia was 

 found, and under shady trees we came across 

 Symphytum tuberosum, and Asplcnium trichomanes. 

 Then came a walk (properly guided) through the 

 garden, by sweet magnolias, showy rhododendrons, 

 gigantic larches, and graceful pines; then out to 

 Birnam station, and on past Pitlochrie to Killie- 

 crankie station, whence it did not take long to get 

 to the Glen. Climbing up by the burn-side we 

 came to a bridge half covered with Cystopteris fra- 

 gilis, the almost dried-up stream-side being thickly 

 covered with Aspidium filix mas and Asplenium filix 

 femina ; higher up were Aspidium oreopteris, and ou 

 rocky walls the A. trichomanes, Adiantum nigrum, 

 and Ruta muraria. On climbing up the rocks to 

 the Soldier's Leap, we found the pretty Vicia 

 sylvatica and the Melampyrvni covered the ground 

 in the greatest profusion. Under the railway 

 bridge large plants of the Symphytum officinale 

 (purple flowers) were found ; then reappeared the 

 Geranium sylvatica and Geiim rivale ; now a fine 

 plant of Carduus heterophyllus, and then Lathyrus 

 macrorhizus, were gatliered. Shortly, as we came 

 on spongy ground, the little Drosera rotundifolia, 

 the pretty Polygonum viviparum. Orchis latifolia, 

 and the graceful Equisetum sylvaticum, were noticed. 

 The view, looking up the glen towai'ds Blair, is 

 extremely picturesque, the well-wooded sides of 

 the glen showing all tints of green, and the Garry, 

 clear as hill-streams [only are, tumbling over 

 the rocks below, .while the distant tops of the 

 boggy Ben y Vroes, could be seen beyond Blair. 

 The path kept winding along, revealing new 

 prospects at every turn, and the beauty of ,the 

 walk was still more intensified by the rich profusion 

 of floral treasures. Under shady trees we found 

 the wax-like flowers of Pyrola minor, and on rocks 

 the Antennaria dioica. On the walk to Pitlochrie, 

 by the less picturesque turnpike, we gathered the 

 Alchemilla vulgaris, the oak and beech ferns, the 

 odorous Allium and Rosa villosa. In corn-fields 

 the Galeopsis versicolor, Lycopsis arvensis. Chrysan- 

 themum segetum, and Spergula arvensis were very 

 common, growing in inverse proportion to the 

 wheat. At Pitlochrie we booked to Aberfeldy, and 

 having put ourselves and plants in proper order at 

 the Breadalbane,'set out for a stroll to the Falls of 

 Moness. We followed the tortuous path that leads 

 by the stream, in'wet soil finding the lovely Trollius 

 europeus — a long-expected beauty — while under the 

 dripping cliffs the Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, 

 Cardamine sylvatica, Hymenophyllum, and Melica 



