3 6 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



Stated in a definite form the reply is that traces of the profes- 

 sional agencies, or some of them, arise in the primitive politico- 

 ecclesiastical agency ; and that as fast as this becomes divided 

 into the political and the ecclesiastical, the ecclesiastical more 

 especially carries with it the germs of the professional, and 

 eventually develops them. Remembering that in the earliest 

 social groups there is temporary chieftainship in time of war, 

 and that where war is frequent the chieftainship becomes perma- 

 nent remembering that efficient co-operation in war requires 

 subordination to him, and that when his chieftainship becomes 

 established such subordination, though mainly limited to war 

 times, shows itself at other times and favors social co-operation 

 remembering that when, under his leadership, his tribe subju- 

 gates other tribes, he begins to be propitiated by them, while he 

 is more and more admired and obeyed by his own tribe remem- 

 bering that in virtue of the universal ghost-theory the power he 

 is supposed to exercise after death is even greater than the power 

 he displayed during life; we understand how it happens that 

 ministrations to him after death, like in kind to those received by 

 him during life, are maintained and often increased. Among 

 primitive peoples, life in the other world is conceived as identical 

 in nature with life in this world. Hence, as the living chief was 

 supplied with food and drink, oblations are taken to his burial- 

 place and libations poured out. As animals were killed for him 

 while he lived, animals are sacrificed on his grave when he is 

 dead. If he has been a great king with a large retinue, the fre- 

 quent slaughter of many beasts to maintain his court is paralleled 

 by the hecatombs of cattle and sheep slain for the support of his 

 ghost and the ghosts of his attendants. If he was a cannibal, 

 human victims are furnished to him when dead as when alive ; 

 and their blood is poured on the grave-heap, or on the altar 

 which represents the grave-heap. Having had servants in this 

 world he is supposed to need servants in the other, and fre- 

 quently they are killed at his funeral or sent after him. 

 When the women of his harem are not immolated at his burial- 

 place, as they sometimes are, it is usual to reserve virgins for him 

 in his temple. Visits of homage made to his residence become, 

 in after times, pilgrimages made to his tomb or temple ; and pres- 

 ents at the throne reappear as presents at the shrine. Prostra- 

 tions, genuflections and other obeisances are made in his presence, 

 along with various uncoverings ; and worship in his temple has 

 the like accompaniments. Laudations are uttered before him while 



compared with those exhibited in other societies ; the truth that the various professional 

 agencies are derived from the ecclesiastical agency, is one which " leaps to the eyes," as the 

 French say. 



