PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 37 



he is alive, and the like or greater laudations when he is dead. 

 Dancing, at first a spontaneous expression of joy in his presence, 

 becomes a ceremonial observance, and continues to be a cere- 

 monial observance on occasions of worshiping his ghost. And 

 of course it is the same with the accompanying music: instru- 

 mental or vocal, it is performed both before the natural ruler 

 and the supernatural ruler. 



Obviously, then, if any of these actions and agencies, common 

 to political loyalty and divine worship, have characters akin to 

 certain professional actions and agencies, these last must be 

 considered as having double roots in the politico-ecclesiastical 

 agency. It is also obvious that if, along with increasing differ- 

 entiation of these twin agencies, the ecclesiastical develops more 

 imposingly and widely, partly because the supposed superhuman 

 being to which it ministers continually increases in ascribed 

 power, and partly because worship of him, instead of being lim- 

 ited to one place, spreads to many places, these professional 

 actions and agencies will develop more especially in connection 

 with it. 



Sundry of these actions and agencies included in both polit- 

 ical and religious ministrations are of the kind indicated. While 

 among propitiations of the visible king and the invisible deified 

 king, some of course will have for their end the sustentation of 

 life, others are certain to be for the increase of life by its exalta- 

 tion: yielding to the propitiated being emotional gratifications 

 by praises, by songs, and by various aids to aesthetic pleasures. 

 And naturally the agencies of which laudatory orations, hymnal 

 poetry, dramatized triumphs, as well as sculptured and painted 

 representations in dedicated buildings, are products, will develop 

 in connection chiefly with those who permanently minister to the 

 apotheosized rulers the priests. 



A further reason why the professions thus implied, and others 

 not included among them, such as those of the lawyer and the 

 teacher, have an ecclesiastical origin, is that the priest-class 

 comes of necessity to be distinguished above other classes by 

 knowledge and intellectual capacity. His cunning, skill, and 

 acquaintance with the natures of things, give the primitive priest 

 or medicine-man influence over his fellows ; and these traits con- 

 tinue to be distinctive of him when, in later stages, his priestly 

 character becomes distinct. His power as priest is augmented by 

 those feats and products which exceed the ability of the people 

 to achieve or understand ; and he is therefore under a constant 

 stimulus to acquire the superior culture and the mental powers 

 needed for those activities which we class as professional. 



Once more there is the often-recognized fact, that the priest- 



