74 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



may directly affect hundreds of workmen and thousands of con- 

 sumers. The boy who receives the penny receives many other 

 pennies, a portion of which accrues to him as his profit from the 

 sale of the papers. The greater portion goes with hundreds of 

 other pennies, from each of hundreds of other boys, to the office 

 of the newspaper, where they form a considerable portion of the 

 fund that pays for the paper whereon, and the ink, type, and 

 presses wherewith, the newspaper is printed ; that goes in wages 

 and salaries to the foreman, compositors, correspondents, and 

 editors. The portion of this fund that goes to the manufacturers 

 of ink, paper, and presses contributes to their profits and to the 

 wages and salaries of the workmen employed by them. Portions 

 of the wages and salaries of foreman, compositors, correspond- 

 ents, and editors, and of the workmen that make ink, paper, and 

 presses, are in turn paid by them to dealers in shoes, hats, clothes, 

 meat, flour and potatoes, coal, furniture, carpets, and so on. The 

 dealers in these commodities make remittances to the manufac- 

 turers who in turn, pay the wages of the workmen who produce 

 shoes, hats, and clothes ; to the killers of cattle ; the packers and 

 shippers of meat ; the raisers of wheat and millers of flour ; the 

 miners of coal ; the makers of furniture, and the weavers of car- 

 pets. Each is a purchaser of products that all are concerned in 

 producing. The money that goes to each as a reward for his 

 efforts is distributed through various channels to all others as a 

 portion of the reward for their efforts. The exchange of the 

 penny and the paper between the man and the newsboy is one of 

 a myriad of exchanges between man and man that are interlinked 

 one with the other in bringing to each a portion of the benefit of 

 the efforts of all the others, and which, giving a broad signifi- 

 cance to the term, constitute Business. 



Without this interlinking of effort the fabric of our civiliza- 

 tion would be impossible. Not under any conceivable conditions 

 could any one family supply its needs as those needs are supplied 

 by the various producing and distributing agencies of to-day. 



With the increasing interdependence of man and man in 

 ministering to material needs has been an increasing tendency 

 toward association for that satisfaction which is obtained from 

 the common enjoyment of a pleasure, the sharing of grief, the ex- 

 pression and exchange of thought and opinion, from social con- 

 versation. Association, from necessity or convenience, frequently 

 develops a similarity of taste and habit that brings congeniality ; 

 the wider the range of association permitted by the conditions of 

 their lives, the greater is the opportunity for persons of particu- 

 lar tastes and habits to form companionships affording the great- 

 est gratification, and the likelihood that they will do so. With 

 the congeniality thus formed is the growth of sympathy of one 



