BUSINESS, FRIENDSHIP, AND CHARITY. 79 



justed until his reward is made equal to that paid A, C, D, E, and 

 F. But if from B, G, H, I, and K work can be obtained equal to 

 that obtained from A, C, D, E, and F for the same reward to each 

 as that paid to B, the totality of effort would be increased by- 

 employing B, G, H, I, and K at the lesser reward. Society as a 

 whole, therefore, receives greatest benefit, other things equal, by 

 obtaining needed results for the least reward. But by paying 

 unequal rewards for equal services it incites the antagonism of 

 those discriminated against as soon as the discrimination is per- 

 ceived by them. The merchant, who pays one clerk a greater 

 salary than another whose services are of equal value, incites that 

 other to the demand for an increase of salary. A class of laborers 

 receiving wages less than other laborers to whose services they 

 think their own equal, are incited to demand equal wages ; and so 

 throughout all society. 



But if A and B for equal results receive equal reward, and in 

 a given time A produces more than B, it follows that to make 

 equal contributions to, and to receive equal reward from, the 

 totality of effort, B must work longer than A. And if A in a 

 given time produces not only more than B, but of more impor- 

 tant result than B, it follows that his reward should be greater 

 than that of B. In other words, to receive the greatest reward 

 that he can obtain from the totality of effort, each individual 

 should contribute to his capacity to that totality; and that the 

 totality of effort may be the greatest, society must bestow upon 

 each individual such proportion of benefit as in return for which 

 the proportion of effort of which he is capable can be obtained. 



And it is not difficult to perceive that the value of effort is 

 directly proportionate to the intelligence with which it is guided 

 and by which its results are directed. On roads and embank- 

 ments, in the fields, mines, and quarries, is necessary a vast amount 

 of work that depends almost entirely on physical exertion and 

 endurance. While the aggregate of this work forms a large pro- 

 portion of the totality of effort, the portion contributed by each 

 individual is but an infinitesimal portion of the whole, and, as 

 requiring but little intelligence or experience or training, it can be 

 performed substantially as well by one as another the proportion 

 of benefit accruing to each individual in return is small, and this 

 also because such work is without avail unless it is directed to 

 efficient result, and its results are co-ordinated to beneficial ends, 

 and this directing and co-ordinating come from others than those 

 performing the work. On the plane with these laborers may be 

 classed teamsters, stevedores, porters, and like functionaries. For 

 their individually slight and easily obtained services, which are 

 immediately directed by the intelligence of others, society gives 

 but slight reward. In stores and offices are needed the services 



