88 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



chusetts 56'87 per cent of the population have one or both par- 

 ents foreign born ; Rhode Island, 59*29 per cent ; New York, 57*45 

 per cent ; Maryland, 30'27 per cent ; Wisconsin, 74*14 per cent ; 

 Minnesota, 76*01 per cent ; North Dakota, 79*74 per cent ; Louisi- 

 ana, 20*02 per cent ; Utah, 66*75 per cent. We notice again that 

 the white element of foreign extraction is found chiefly in the 

 Northern and Western States. The native whites having both 

 parents foreign should also be considered. The proportion of this 

 element varies as follows : Massachusetts, 27*09 per cent ; Rhode 

 Island, 27*29 per cent ; New York, 30*64 per cent ; Maryland, 15*01 

 per cent ; Wisconsin, 43*09 per cent ; Minnesota, 39*80 per cent ; 

 Utah, 41*04 per cent. The Southern States show the usual small 

 percentage, ranging as follows : Virginia, 1*52 per cent ; Georgia, 

 1*07 per cent; Mississippi, 1*30 per cent ; while, taking the South- 

 ern and South Central sections together, the proportion is only 4*13 

 per cent. 



The colored element in 1890 amounted to 7,470,040, the popu- 

 lation being distributed as follows : 



North Atlantic division T55 per cent ; 



South Atlantic division 36-83 " " 



North Central division T93 " " 



South Central division 3171 " " 



Western division '89 " " 



In taking the South as a whole there was a proportional 

 increase in the colored population up to 1840, but since then the 

 proportion has diminished gradually. Having stated the prin- 

 cipal elements with which we have to deal, let us now consider 

 the various methods of dealing with the problem. 



If we consider the problem from an ethnological standpoint, 

 we shall have four races in the United States the white, negro, 

 Indian, and Chinese. But these races do not mingle together. 

 The Indian is dying out, and, although the negroes mingled in 

 the days of slavery, the offspring carried the stigma of the race. 

 Herbert Spencer is the chief authority on the sociological theory 

 of the mixture of races. He claims that it is a theory of evolu- 

 tion, and the unity that is developed is not of blood but of insti- 

 tutions. The historical theory does not try to determine whether 

 there is really a mixture of blood, but it simply considers the 

 institutions, customs, and laws, and how these have been modified. 

 In applying this theory to the United States, the mixture of 

 races does not mean a mixture of blood but of institutions. 



The mixture of nationalities in this country has differed 

 from that of other parts of the world. In other countries mixture 

 has occurred by conquest, but it has been peaceful in the United 

 States. There has been no forcing of institutions or blood, ex- 

 cept in the case of the negro, and we thus have the unique negro 



