NEW CHAPTERS IN THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE. 593 



Its words and phrases have a grammatical and philological accu- 

 racy, such as is possessed by no human composition." In 1861 

 Dean Burgon preached in Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford, as 

 follows : " No, sirs, the Bible is the very utterance of the Eternal ; 

 as much God's own word as if high heaven were open and we 

 heard God speaking to us with human voice. Every book is 

 inspired alike, and is inspired entirely. Inspiration is not a dif- 

 ference of degree, but of kind. The Bible is filled to overflowing 

 with the Holy Spirit of God ; the books of it and the words of it 

 and the very letters of it." 



In 1805 Canon MacNeile declared in Exeter Hall that "we 

 must either receive the verbal inspiration of the Old Testament 

 or deny the veracity, the insight, the integrity of our Lord Jesus 

 Christ as a teacher of divine truth." 



As late as 1889 one of the two most gifted pulpit orators in the 

 Church of England, Canon Liddon, preaching at St. Paul's Cathe- 

 dral, used in his fervor the same dangerous argument : that the 

 authority of Christ himself, and therefore of Christianity, must 

 rest on the old view of the Old Testament ; that, since the founder 

 of Christianity, in divinely recorded utterances, alluded to the 

 transformation of Lot's wife into a pillar of salt, and to Noah's 

 ark and the- flood, the biblical account of these must be accepted 

 as historical. 



In the light of what was rapidly becoming known regarding 

 the Chaldaean and other sources of the accounts given in Genesis, 

 no argument could be more fraught with peril to the interest 

 which the gifted preacher sought to serve. 



In France and Germany many similar utterances in opposition 

 to the newer biblical studies were heard, and from America, espe- 

 cially from the college at Princeton, came resounding echoes. As 

 an example of many may be quoted the statement by the eminent 

 Dr. Hodge that the books of Scripture " are, one and all, in 

 thought and verbal expression, in substance, and in form, wholly 

 the work of God, conveying with absolute accuracy and divine 

 authority all that God meant to convey without human additions 

 and admixtures"; and that "infallibility and authority attach as 

 much to the verbal expression in which the revelation is made as 

 to the matter of the revelation itself." 



Bat the newer movement of thought went steadily on. As al- 

 ready in Protestant Europe, so now in the Protestant churches of 

 America, it took strong hold on the foremost minds in many of 

 the churches known as orthodox : Toy, Briggs, Francis Brown, 

 Evans, Preserved Smith, Moore, Bacon, developed it, and, though 

 opposed, bitterly by synods and councils of their respective 

 churches, they were manfully supported by the more intellectual 

 clergy and laity. The greater universities of the country ranged 



VOL. XLTII. 49 



