594 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



themselves on the sides of these men ; persecution but intrenched 

 them more firmly in the hearts of all intelligent well-wishers of 

 Christianity. The triumphs won by their opponents in assem- 

 blies, synods, conventions, and conferences were really victories 

 for the nominally defeated, since they revealed to the world the 

 fact that in each of these bodies the strong and fruitful thought 

 of the Church, the thought which alone can have any hold on the 

 future, was with the new race of thinkers ; no theological tri- 

 umphs more surely fatal to the victors have been won since the 

 Vatican defeated Copernicus and Galileo. 



And here reference must be made to a series of events which, 

 in the second half of the nineteenth century, have contributed 

 most powerful aid to the new school of biblical research. 



PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 



V. BIOGRAPHER, HISTORIAN, AND LITTERATEUR. 

 By HERBERT SPENCER. 



HOW, in their rudimentary forms, the several arts which 

 express feelings and thoughts by actions, sounds, and words, 

 as well as the professors of such arts, originated together in a 

 mingled state, we have seen in the last two chapters. Continuing 

 the analysis, we have now to observe how there simultaneously 

 arose, in the same undifferentiated germ, the rudiments of certain 

 other products, and of those devoted to the production of them. 

 The primitive orator, poet, and musician, was at the same time 

 the primitive biographer, historian, and litterateur. The hero's 

 deeds constituted the common subject-matter ; and, taking this or 

 that form, the celebration of them became, now the oration, now 

 the song, now the recited poem, now that personal history which 

 constitutes a biography, now that larger history which associates 

 the doings of one with the doings of many, and now that various- 

 ly developed comment on men's doings and the course of things 

 which constitutes literature. 



Before setting out to observe the facts which illustrate afresh 

 this simultaneous genesis, let us note that in the nature of things 

 there could not be any other root for these diverse growths ; and 

 that this root is deeply implanted in human nature. If we go 

 back to a group of savages sitting round a camp-fire, and ask 

 what of necessity are their ordinary subjects of conversation, we 

 find that there is nothing for them to talk about save their own 

 doings and the doings of others in war and the chase. Though 

 they have surrounding Nature and its changes, sometimes strik- 

 ing, to describe and comment upon, yet even these are usually of 



