STUDIES OF CHILDHOOD. 651 



In another way too the expansion of the infant's conscious- 

 ness through the recognition of others widens the terrane of 

 greedy impulse. For envy commonly has its rise in the percep- 

 tion of another child's consumption of appetite's dainties. 



Here, it is evident, we are still at the level of the animal. A 

 dog is passionately greedy, like the child, will fiercely resent any 

 interference with the satisfaction of its appetite, and will be envi- 

 ous of another and more fortunately placed animal. 



Much the same concern for self and opposition to others' hav- 

 ing what the child himself desires shows itself in the matter of 

 toys and other possessions of interest. A child is apt not only to 

 make free with another child's toys, but to show the strongest 

 objection to any imitation of this freedom, often displaying a 

 dog-in-the-manger spirit by refusing to lend what he himself does 

 not want. Not only so, he will be apt to resent another child's 

 having toys of his own. The envy of other children's possessions 

 by a child is apt to be impressive by reason not only of its pas- 

 sionate intensity, but of its far-reaching extent. 



As the social interests come into play so far as to make caresses 

 and other signs of affection sources of pleasure to the child, the 

 field for envy and its "green-eyed" offspring, jealousy, is still 

 more enlarged. As is well known, an infant will greatly resent 

 the mother's taking another child into her arms. 



Here, again, we are at the level of the lower animals. They, 

 too, as our dogs and cats show us, can be envious not only in the 

 matter of eatables, but in that of human caressings, and even of 

 possessions witness the behavior of two dogs when a stick is 

 thrown into the water. 



Full illustrations of these traits of the first years of childhood 

 are not needed. We all know them. M. Perez and others have 

 culled a sufficient collection of examples.* 



Out of all this unrestrained pushing of appetite and desire 

 whereby the child comes into rude collision with others' wants, 

 wishes, and purposes there issue the well-known passionateness, 

 the angry outburst, and the quarrelsomeness of the child. These 

 fits of angry passion or temper are among the most curious mani- 

 festations of childhood, and deserve to be studied with much 

 greater care than they have yet received. 



The outburst of rage as the imperious little will feels itself 

 suddenly pulled up has in spite of all its comicality something 

 impressive. Hitting out right and left, throwing things down on 

 the floor, breaking them, howling, and wild, agitated movement 

 of the arms and whole body these are the outward vents which 

 the gust of fury is wont to take. Anything will do as object of 



* See, for example, The First Three Years of Childhood, p. 66 ff. 



