PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 167 



Respecting the state of things in Babylonia and Assyria, the 

 evidence is not so clear. Says Lenormant of the Chaldseans : 



" II est curieux de noter que les trois parties qui composaient ainsi le 

 grand ouvrage magique dont Sir Henry Rawlinson a retrouve les debris, 

 correspondent exactement aux trois classes de docteurs chaldeens que le 

 livre de Daniel (i, 20 ; ii, 2 et 27 ; v, 11) enumere a cote des astrologues et 

 des divins (kasdim et gazrim), c'est-a-dire les khartumin ou conjurateurs, 

 les hakamin ou medecius, et les asaphin ou theosophes." 



With like implications Prof. Sayce tells us that 



" The doctor had long been an institution in Assyria and Babyonia. It 

 is true tbat the great bulk of the people had recourse to religious charms 

 and ceremonies when they were ill, and ascribed their sickness to possession 

 by demons instead of to natural causes. But there was a continually in- 

 creasing number of the educated who looked for aid in their maladies 

 rather to the physician with his medicine than to the sorcerer or priest with 

 his charms." 



But from these two statements taken together it may fairly be in- 

 ferred that the doctors had arisen as one division of the priestly 

 class. 



Naturally it was with the Hebrews as with their more civilized 

 neighbors. Says Gauthier 



" Chez les Juif s la medecine a ete longteraps sacerdotale comme chez 

 presque tous les anciens peuples ; les Levites etaient les seuls medecins. 

 . . . Chez les plus anciens peuples de TAsie, tels que les Indiens et les 

 Perses, l'art de guerir etait egalement exerce par les pretres." 



In later days this connection became less close, and there was 

 a separation of the physician from the priest. Thus in Ecclesias- 

 ticus we read : 



" My son, in thy sickness be not negligent : but pray unto the Lord, and 

 he will make thee whole. Leave off from sin, and order thine hands 

 aright, and cleanse thy heart from all wickedness. Give a sweet savor, 

 and a memorial of fine flour ; and make a fat offering. Then give place 

 to the physician, for the Lord hath created him ; let him not go from thee, 

 for thou hast need of him." (xxxviii, 15.) 



Facts of congruous kinds are remarked on by Draper : 



" In the Talmudic literature there are all the indications of a transitional 

 state, so far as medicine is concerned ; supernatural seems to be passing 

 into the physical, the ecclesiastical is mixed up with the exact : thus a rabbi 

 may cure disease by the ecclesiastical operation of laying on of hands ; but 

 of febrile disturbances, an exact, though erroneous explanation is given, 

 and pai'alysis of the hind legs of an animal is correctly referred to the 

 pressure of a tumor on the spinal cord." 



Concerning the origin of the medical man among the Hindus, 

 whose history is so much complicated by successively superposed 

 governments and religions, the evidence is confused. Accounts 



