174 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



and dislocations, to say nothing of the quacks known as " bone- 

 setters," whose success, as has been confessed to me by a surgeon, 

 is often greater than that of men belonging to his own authorized 

 class. 



In conformity with the normal order of evolution, integration 

 has accompanied this differentiation. From the beginning have 

 been shown tendencies toward unions of those who practiced the 

 healing art. There have arisen institutions giving a certain com- 

 mon education to them; associations of those whose kinds of 

 practice were similar ; and, in later times, certain general, though 

 less close, associations of all medical men. In Alexandria 



" The temple of Serapis was used for a hospital, the sick being received 

 into it, and persons studying medicine admitted for the purpose of familiar- 

 izing themselves with the appearance of disease, precisely as in such insti- 

 tutions at the present time." 



In Rome, along with the imported worship of ^Esculapius, there 

 went the communication of knowledge in the places devoted to 

 him. During early medi&val times the monasteries, serving as 

 centers of instruction, gave some embodiment to the medical pro- 

 fession, like that which our colleges give. In Italy there later 

 arose institutions for educating physicians, as the medical school 

 of Salerno in 1140. In France before the end of the thirteenth 

 century the surgeons had become incorporated into a distinct 

 college, following, in this way, the incorporated medical faculty ; 

 and while thus integrating themselves they excluded from their 

 class the barbers who, forbidden to perform operations, were 

 allowed only to dress wounds, etc. In our own country there have 

 been successive consolidations. The barber-surgeons of London 

 were incorporated by Edward IV, and in the fifteenth century the 

 College of Physicians was founded, and " received power to grant 

 licenses to practice medicine a power which had previously been 

 confined to the bishops/' Progress in definiteness of integration 

 was shown when, in Charles I's time, persons were forbidden to 

 exercise surgery in London and within seven miles, until they 

 had been examined by the company of barbers and surgeons ; and 

 also when, by the 18th of George II, excluding the barbers, the 

 Royal College of Surgeons was formed. At the same time there 

 have grown up medical schools in various places which prepare 

 students for examination by these incorporated medical bodies : 

 further integrations being implied. Hospitals, too, scattered 

 throughout the kingdom, have become places of clinical instruc- 

 tion, some united to colleges and some not. Another species of 

 integration has been achieved by medical journals, weekly and 

 quarterly, which serve to bring into communication educational 

 institutions, incorporated bodies, and the whole profession. 



