THE PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMAN. 223 



are more alike physically and mentally than men, so their work 

 is more alike. In domestic life, which still includes the mass of 

 representative women, each one either does her own housework, 

 or has it done by female servants whose labor is equally unspe- 

 cialized. No man now in civilized communities makes his own 

 clothes, yet this is not uncommon among women, and in primi- 

 tive communities they may even spin and weave the material. 

 Not only is their work and manner of work more primitive, 

 but also their tools. In the German cities on market day, for 

 instance, may be seen numbers of men and women bringing 

 their produce from the country, the men using carts or wagons 

 propelled by themselves or their horses, but the women bearing 

 their burdens in baskets upon their backs in quite the primitive 

 fashion. 



Before attempting any summary of our results I must call 

 attention to some recent biological researches which may throw 

 new light on the natural relation of the sexes. It has been 

 shown by Geddes and Thomson, Fouille'e and others, that in many 

 of the lower and simpler orders of animals the female is larger 

 than the male. This is true, with exceptions, throughout the 

 animal world as high as the amphibians, and is in close logical 

 connection with certain other important differences between the 

 sexes. These, observed also best among the lower orders, are as 

 follows : The male is active, restless, agile. The female is passive 

 and quiescent. She has lower temperature, greater longevity, and 

 a larger fund of vitality ; her birth is the accompaniment of 

 conditions of better nourishment. The male is katabolic, repre- 

 senting the expenditure of energy, individualism, variation, and 

 progress. The female is anabolic, representing economy and the 

 building up, conserving, and reproductive functions. She is 

 nearer to and more representative of the race. These, it is said, 

 are natural sexual differences seen at the very threshold of life in 

 the contrast between the male and female cells, and so far as 

 these same differences appear in man and woman they can not 

 and need not be accounted for by any theories of natural or sex- 

 ual selection nor by artificial social conditions. Those peculiari- 

 ties of modern woman which are contrary to the natural consti- 

 tution of the female, such as her smaller size and her alleged 

 retarded development, are rather the qualities in need of explana- 

 tion. It has been suggested that the greater size and strength of 

 the male among the higher vertebrates may be explained as the 

 indirect result, in part, of his combats with rivals, and, in part, 

 of his greater activity in protecting and supporting himself and 

 his mate when the maternal duties of the latter incapacitate her 

 for these actions, and furthermore that the retarded development 

 of woman is due to artificial and unnatural restrictions arising 



