NEW CHAPTERS IN THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE. 301 



ceremonial institutions carefully devised being shown to have 

 come after the ruder beginnings of religious development instead 

 of before them. Thus fell another main support of the older bib- 

 lical theology. 



To work out this new discovery and to close for a time this 

 great line of Continental scholars came Kuenen. Starting with 

 strong prepossessions in favor of the older thought, and even with 

 violent utterances against some of his opponents, he was borne 

 on by his love of truth until, in his great work, The Religion of 

 Israel, published in 1869, he took his place as, in many respects, 

 the leader in the upward movement. He, too, opened new paths. 

 Recognizing the fact that the religion of Israel was, like other 

 great world religions, a development of higher ideas out of lower, 

 he led men to bring deeper thinking and wider research to the 

 great problem. With ample learning and irresistible logic he 

 also proved that the Old Testament prophecy was never super- 

 naturally predictive, and least of all predictive of events recorded 

 in the New Testament. Justly has one of the most eminent 

 divines of the contemporary Anglican Church indorsed the state- 

 ment of another eminent scholar that " Kuenen stood upon his 

 watchtower, as it were the conscience of Old-Testament science " ; 

 that his work is characterized " not merely by fine scholarship, 

 critical insight, historical sense, and a religious nature, but also 

 by an incorruptible conscientiousness and a majestic devotion to 

 the quest of truth." 



Thus was established the science of biblical criticism. Its fur- 

 ther development and results, especially in Great Britain and 

 America, will be next considered.* 



* For Lowth, see the Rev. T. K. Cheyne, D. D., Professor of the Interpretation of the 

 Holy Scripture in the University of Oxford, Founders of Old Testament Criticism, London, 

 1893, pp. 3, 4. For Astruc's very high character as a medical authority, see the Diction- 

 naire des Sciences Medicales, Paris, 1820. It is significant that at first he concealed his 

 authorship of the Conjectures. For a brief statement see Cheyne ; also, Moore's introduc- 

 tion to Bacon's Genesis of Genesis ; but for a statement remarkably full and interesting, 

 and based on knowledge at first hand of Astruc's very rare book, see Curtiss, as above. 

 For Michaelis and Eichhorn, see Meyer, Geschichte der Exegese ; also, Cheyne and Moore. 

 For Isenbiehl, see Reusch in Allg. Deutsche Biographie. The texts cited against him were 

 Isaiah, vii, 14, and Matt, i, 22, 23. For Herder, see various historians of literature and 

 writers on exegesis. For his influence, as well as that of Lessing, see Beard's Hibbert 

 Lectures, chap. x. For a brief comparison of Lowth's work with that of Herder, see 

 Farrar, History of Interpretation, p. 3 7 1. For examples of interpretations of The Song of 

 Songs, see Farrar, as above, p. 33. For Castellio (Chatillon), his anticipation of Herder's 

 view of Solomon's Song, and his persecution by Calvin and Beza, which drove him to star- 

 vation and death, see Lecky, Rationalism, etc., vol. ii, pp. 46-48 ; also, Bayle's Dictionary, 

 article Castalio ; also, Montaigne's Essais, liv. i, chapit. xxxiv ; and especially the new life 

 of him by Buisson. For a remarkably frank acceptance of the consequences flowing from 

 Herder's view of it, see Sanday, Inspiration, pp. 211-405. For Geddes, see Cheyne, as 



