APPARATUS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES. 479 



change the direction from side to side, the entire machine, wheels 

 and all, had to be moved. 



Barring the gut of an ox mentioned at the beginning of this 

 article, hose was not known until 1672. Mr. C. B. Robinson, in an 

 address before the National Association of Fire Engineers, states 

 that fire hose was invented by John and Nicholas Van-der-Heide 

 (spelled by some Heyden) in 1672. These brothers were the in- 

 spectors of fire apparatus in the city of Amsterdam, and were 

 probably led to make the invention by their experience in these 

 matters. The hose was made of leather, of sail cloth, or of seam- 

 less fabric, in fifty-foot lengths, and coupled together with brass 

 screws. This contradicts the popular impression that canvas 

 hose was an exclusively modern invention. Although the leather 

 hose made at that time was very defective, being sewed like a 

 boot leg, it soon supplanted the sail-cloth and woven hose that 

 became worn out so quickly, and up to a very recent date leather 

 has been the only substance used in making hose. 



The early settlers in America paid no attention toward pro- 

 tecting themselves against fire, and the different colonies had 

 grown into fair-sized communities with several industries well 

 established before any steps were taken in that direction. About 

 the earliest mention of a definite method of fire protection was 

 made at Salem, Mass., in 1644, when each inhabitant was ordered 

 to be supplied with a ladder under penalty of a fine of five shil- 

 lings. These ladders were undoubtedly made in Salem or in the 

 immediate vicinity, and one might rightly say that here be- 

 gan an American industry that is now carried on so extensively 

 in many places and under a multitude of different forms. In 

 1648 four fire wardens were appointed in New York city. 

 These men passed a law to fine every one whose chimney became 

 foul or whose house was burned by his own carelessness. The 

 money so obtained was to be used in the purchase of ladders, 

 hooks, and buckets. These were not provided, however, until 

 some years later. 



Boston also took steps in this direction, and on the first day of 

 the twelfth month of 1653, or, by the modern method of compu- 

 tation, on February 1, 1654, the following entry is found in the 

 town records : 



" The select men have power and liberty hereby to agree with 

 Joseph Jynks for Ingins to Carry water in Case of fire, if they 

 see Cause soe to doe." Mr. James R. Newhall, in his history 

 of Lynn, Mass., gives the following facts about this maker 

 of fire engines : Joseph Jenks, or Jynks, came from Hammer- 

 smith, England, to Lynn as an operative in the iron works. He 

 soon made himself known to the community and to the country 

 at large by his ingenious inventions. In regard to the order 



