HUMAN SPEECH 65 



sentence, tvoo 3 (rising from deep tone) \m- (rising from high) 

 p'a* (sinking from middle) fa 1 (high) may he literally translated 

 " I not fear he/' meaning " I do not fear him " ; woo 3 " I " as subject 

 comes first ; p'a 4 " fear " as predicate follows it ; pu 2 " not," inasmuch 

 as it limits the range of meaning given by the predicate, must precede 

 it, hence stands between the subject and predicate ; finally fa 2 " he " 

 as object follows the predicate. If we exchange the positions of 

 woo 3 and fa 1 we change their syntactical bearing; woo 3 "I" becomes 

 " me " as object, while fa 1 , which in our first sentence was best 

 translated as " him " now becomes " he " as subject, and the sentence 

 now takes on the meaning of " he does not fear me." 



In the second main type of language, generally known as the ag- 

 glutinative, the words are not generally unanalyzable entities, as in 

 Chinese, but consist of a stem or radical portion and one or more gram- 

 matical elements which partly modify its primary signification, partly 

 define its relation to other words in the sentence. While these gram- 

 matical elements are in no sense independent words or capable of being 

 understood apart from their proper use as subordinate parts of a 

 whole, they have, as a rule, their definite signification and are used 

 with quasi-mechanical regularity whenever it is considered gram- 

 matically necessary to express the corresponding logical concept; the 

 result is that the word, though a unit, is a clearly segmented one com- 

 parable to a mosaic. An example taken from Turkish, a typical ag- 

 glutinative language, will give some idea of the spirit of the type it 

 represents. The English sentence " They were converted into the 

 (true) faith with heart and soul " is rendered in Turkish dzan u 

 goniil-den iman-a gel-ir-ler 2 literally translated, "Heart and soul-from 

 belief -to come-ing-plural." The case-ending -den " from " is here 

 appended only to gonill " soul " and not to dzan " heart," though it 

 applies equally to both; here we see quite clearly that a case-ending is 

 not indissolubly connected with the noun to which it is appended, but 

 has a considerable degree of mobility and corresponding transparency 

 of meaning. The verb form gel-ir-ler, which may be roughly trans- 

 lated as " they come," is also instructive from our present point of 

 view; the ending -ler or -lar is quite mechanically used to indicate the 

 concept of plurality, whether in noun or verb, so that a verb form 

 " they come," really " come-plural," is to some extent parallel to a 

 noun form like " books," really " book-plural." Here we see clearly 

 the mechanical regularity with which a logical concept and its corre- 

 sponding grammatical element are associated. 



In the third, the inflective, type of language, while a word may be 

 analyzed into a radical portion and a number of subordinate gram- 



2 The Turkish and Chinese examples are taken from F. N. Fisk 's ' ' Die 

 Haupttypen des Sprachbaus. ' ' 



VOL.LXXIX. — 5. 



