14 



HARBWICKE'S SCIENCE-GOSSIF. 



size. Colonies branched, consisting of primary clavate 

 cells, 18-22 ju long, which produce secondary roundish 

 or oval daughter-cells, 5-6 ju long. Spore-forming 

 cells roundish or oval ; spores from 2 to 4 together, 

 2 /A in diameter. 



In the after fermentation of wine, and fruit-wine, 

 or spontaneously fermenting beer. [The "caseous 

 ferment" of Pasteur ; may be obtained sometimes in 

 English yeast.] 



75- S. afi!culaf!is,'B.ee^s. 



Carpozyma apiculatnm, Engel. 



Cells lemon-shaped, shortly apiculate at each end, 

 6-8 jj. long, 2-3 yu broad, sometimes slightly elongated ; 

 daughter-cells arising^only from the ends of the mother- 

 cells ; for the most part soon isolated, rarely united in 

 small, scarcely branched colonies. Spores unknown. 



In the principal fermentation of wine, and in other 

 spontaneous fermentations. [On all kinds of fruit, 

 stone-fruits, etc., in must, and in certain kinds of beer.] 



76. .5". sphccricus, Saccardo, " Fungi Italici," fig. 

 76. 



Cells of various forms ; the basal ones (of a colony) 

 oblong or cylindrical, 10-15 /"■ ^o'^g) 5 i" thick ; the 

 others round, 5-6 yu in diameter, united in bent, 

 branched, often clustered families. Spore formation 

 unknown. 



On the fermenting juice of Z_;'r('/t'rj'/c7//« esciilciifiivi, 

 the tomato. 



[Saccardo, who regards this as a Hyphomycete 

 of low organisation, says (Michelia, i. p. 90) : — 

 "Occurring in minute, flatly-convex, gregarious 

 and confluent, dirty-white heaps ; conidia perfectly 

 spherical, 5-6 y. in diameter, collected in variously 

 curved, branched and often clustered chains, sepa- 

 rating with difllculty, hyaline, usually supported on 

 oblong or subcylindrical bases, 10-15 M X 5 yu." 

 There is a strong likeness between this and 

 Horinisciiim album, Bonorden, except in habitat.] 



77. S. gliitinis (Fresenius), Colin. 



Cryptococcus glutinis, Fresenius. 



Cells round, oval, oblong, elliptic to shortly 

 cylindrical, 5-1 1 yu long, about 4^ broad, isolated 

 or united in twos, seldom more together. Cell- 

 membrane and contents colourless, when fresh ; but, 

 ■when moistened again after drying, [with a faintly 

 reddish central nucleus. Spore formation unknown. 



On starch-paste, slices of potato, etc., forming 

 rose-coloured, slimy spots, which have at first a 

 diameter of \-\ millimeter, but by degrees spread 

 and. become confluent in patches of as much as one 

 centimeter broad. 



The colouring matter is unchanged by acids ami 

 alkalies. 



B. — Species producing a mycelium. 



78. S. Mycoderina, Reess. 



Mycodenna cercvisiic, and il/. vini, Des- 

 mazieres. 



Hormisciiiiii villi, and IP. ccrevisia:, Bo- 

 norden. 



Cells oval, elliptic or cylindrical, about 6-7 yu long, 

 2-3 ytt thick, united in richly branched colonies. The 

 cells are often elongated, so as to resemble a mycelium. 

 Spore-forming cells as much as 20 ,u long ; spores 1-4 

 in each mother-cell. 



On fermented fluids, sauer-kraut, juices of fruit, 

 etc., forming on beer and wine the so-called " mould." 



This and the following species reach in their 

 development the highest rank among the Saccharo- 

 mycetes. The cells often form, especially in watery 

 fluids, long tubes, which are divided by transverse 

 partitions, and fall into single pieces at those points. 

 These bud, in their turn, in the same manner. 



While the true yeast-fungi grow submerged in the 

 higher layers of the fluid, and there excite active 

 alcoholic fermentation, the "mould" grows on the 

 surface, without exciting fermentation. When arti- 

 ficially forced to grow submerged, of course a little 

 alcohol is produced, but the fungus soon perishes. 



Although the growth of the layer of " mould " goes 

 hand in hand with the souring of the wine or beer, 

 yet the Saccharomyces is not the cause of the latter. 

 The formation of vinegar from alcohol is produced 

 rather by other fungi, whose systematic position is 

 still undetermined. According to some, it is a species 

 of Vibrio (Spirillum), which causes this decom- 

 position. 



79. S. albicans (Robin), Reess. 



Oidiitm albicans, Robin. 



Cells partly round, partly oval, oblong or cylin- 

 drical, 3*5-5 fJ. thick ; the round ones 4 yu in diameter, 

 the cylindrical ones 10 to 20 times as long as thick. 

 Bud-colonies mostly consisting of rows of cylindrical 

 cells, from the ends of which spring rows of oval or 

 round. cells. Spores formed singly in roundish cells. 



On the mucous membrane of the mouth, especially 

 of infants, forming the disease known as aphtha or 

 thrush. Also in animals. 



This fungus appears in the form of larger or smaller 

 greyish-white heajDS, which nevertheless do not consist 

 exclusively of the Saccharomyces, but also contain 

 Schizomycetes, and the mycelia of moulds. When 

 cultivated, the fungus forms long-jointed, richly- 

 branched threads ; at the upper end of each articula- 

 tion there is usually a crown or bundle of shorter 

 cells, wdiich are oval or round in form, and bud in 

 their turn. In other cases, all the cells of a bud- 

 colony remain short, and assume a rounded form. 

 This fungus excites alcoholic fermentation only in a 

 small degree. 



According to Grawitz (Virchow's " Annalen fiir 

 Path. Anat. und Phys.," vol. Ixx. p. 557), S. albicans 

 is identical with S. JMycodcrina. 



C. — Doubtful species. 



80. S. guttulatus (Robin). 



Cryptococcus guttulatus, Robin. 



