HARDWI CKE 'S S CIE NCE - G SSI P. 



"^IZ 



respectively named the broad-toothed elephant, the 

 Siwalik elephant, and the Perim elephant. In the 

 first the ridges are still lower and wider than in 

 Clift's elephant, and the cement is almost entirely 

 absent from the valleys ; the number of ridges being 

 four or five in the middle teeth, and five or six in the 

 last. To represent one of these teeth with cardboard, 

 we should simply require the brown and white strips 

 (without the sand), which we should have to form 

 into four folds of about an inch and a half in height, 

 placing the summit of one ridge at a distance of 

 about two inches from the next one : the absence of 

 the sand would leave the intervening valleys quite 



into a spout-like process about six inches in length, 

 which in some individuals (probably males) was 

 furnished with a pair of small cylindrical tusks. This 

 animal differed then from the modern elephants, not 

 only in the much simpler structure of its grinding- 

 teeth, but also in having four instead of two tusks, 

 and in its long and pointed chin. From the cir- 

 cumstance that the middle grinding-teeth in the 

 three above-mentioned species of elephants have only 

 four ridges, they are frequently spoken of as four- 

 ridged elephants. 



{To be continued.) 



Fig. 75. — Vertical section of a lower griiiding-toolh of the narrow-toothed 

 elephant: a, cement; t, enamel; c, ivory. (After Gaudry.) 



Fig. 76. — Ground plan of a lower grinding-tooth of the narrow- 

 toothed elephant, showing the three low ridges (with lateral 

 e.xpansion) into which the crown is divided. 



wide and open. In spite of the very simple struc- 

 ture of its teeth, which the reader will see are just 

 one step farther away from the true elephants than 

 those of Clift's elephant, the animal was otherwise 

 much the same as a modern elephant, having the 

 same number of tusks, and the same short chin, 

 although it is not impossible that its trunk may 

 have been somewhat shorter than that of our living 

 elephants. In the Siwalik elephant the number of 

 ridges in the teeth was nearly the same, although 

 there are certain differences in their plan of structure, 

 into which it is unnecessary for our present purpose 

 to inquire. In the last of these three elephants, or 

 the Perim elephant, the teeth are very similar to 

 those of the Siwalik elephant, but in the form of its 

 chin this animal is markedly different from any of 

 those noticed above. Thus the extremity of the 

 lower jaw, instead of being rounded off, is produced 



A LIVE HERBARIUM. 



IT is generally admitted that dried plants 

 are very unsatisfactory things. The 

 leaves often retain a certain amount of their 

 elegant form, and the loss of colour is not 

 great ; but only the most experienced and 

 skilful hands can keep the flowers in a 

 fairly presentable condition. As a rule, it 

 is deplorable to behold the livid masses 

 which were once golden marigolds and 

 spotless lilies, or the pale shrivelled issues 

 which appear as the ghosts of glowing 

 gentians and sky-blue harebells. It is therefore 

 rather astonishing that botanists have not given more 

 attention to growing our native plants. Such a 

 small bit of garden, and such a little attention will 

 do much in this way, and many of our plants will 

 flourish in town gardens. This method of forming a 

 herbarium has also this great advantage. The whole 

 growth of the plant can be watched : the first 

 opening leaf, the formation of the flower bud, the 

 expansion of the blossom, the method of fertilisa- 

 tion, and the perfecting of the seed. Such a garden 

 moreover is a source of endless pleasure, from the 

 pleasant memories it wakes in the mind. A garden 

 which has no associations but seed catalogues 

 and market-gardeners has not half the attractions 

 of a garden in which every plant reminds its owner 

 of some enjoyable ramble, some romantic spot 

 where it was gathered ; while the fact of the flowers 

 appearing year by year at the same time gives 

 double strength to the spell of association. 

 Walking at this time in my very tiny plot of 

 town garden, the rising flower stems of Primula 

 farinosa and Gci-aniiitn sangtiineum bring to my 

 memory the grand limestone mountains of Wharfe- 

 dale. Genista Aiiglica, just opening its pretty yellow 

 blooms, tells of a certain familiar wind-swept 

 common ; a bit of white Cochlearia is eloquent of the 

 romantic cliff's of Staithes, and the delicate fronds of 

 Lastrea thelypteris just uncurling, recall a picture of 

 the dense rich bogland whence I brought them. It 

 is a mistake to suppose that nothing but "florists' 

 flowers " look well in a garden. Few things look 



